How do patents and economic policies affect access to essential medicines in developing countries?
How do patents and economic policies affect access to essential medicines in developing countries?
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DOI：
10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.155
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发表时间：
2004-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
9.7
通讯作者：
Attaran, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Attaran, A
本文研究专利与基本药物获取之间的关系。调查发现，在拥有 40 亿人口的 65 个低收入和中等收入国家中，世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单上的 319 种产品很少获得专利。只有 17 种基本药物可申请专利，尽管通常实际上并未获得专利，因此整体专利发生率较低（1.4%），并且集中在较大的市场。这一结果和其他结果揭示了公共卫生活动人士、制药行业和政府之间的政策对话，这些对话往往基于关于专利如何影响企业收入或世界上最贫困人口健康的错误前提。敦促采取务实态度和更大的灵活性，以便政策可以更好地集中于导致流行病死亡的更大原因，这些原因现在对全球和平与安全构成了前所未有的威胁。
This paper studies the relationship between patents and access to essential medicines. It finds that in sixty-five low- and middle-income countries, where four billion people live, patenting is rare for 319 products on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines. Only seventeen essential medicines are patentable, although usually not actually patented, so that overall patent incidence is low (1.4 percent) and concentrated in larger markets. This and other results shed light on the policy dialogue among public health activists, the pharmaceutical industry, and governments that is often based on mistaken premises about how patents affect corporate revenues or the health of the world's poorest. Pragmatism and greater flexibility are urged, so that policy may better concentrate on the greater causes of epidemic mortality, which now pose unprecedented threats to global peace and security.