Intraspecific nest parasitism in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
Intraspecific nest parasitism in the European starling Sturnus vulgaris
复制标题
欧洲椋鸟种内巢寄生
DOI：
10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80197-0
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发表时间：
1988
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
P. Evans
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Evans
使用生化遗传标记沿着与传统的方法（异常的产卵顺序/离合器大小，不寻常的鸡蛋形状/色素沉着），以确定种内巢寄生在两个英国巢箱殖民地的欧洲椋鸟。在1977-1979年期间，11%至37%的第一窝被寄生。寄生雌虫可能包括以下几类：（1）成对的雌虫争夺另一对雌虫占据的巢箱;（2）先前配对的雌虫已经产下一窝但没有成功;（3）未配对的雌虫与已经有配偶和巢址的雄虫交配;（4）“职业性”巢寄生虫，它们至少将部分卵分布在一个或多个巢中，而不是自己的巢。虽然寄生巢有较高的窝卵数，寄生导致较少的主机年轻的每蛋产卵，主要是通过驱逐鸡蛋和随后的巢遗弃。寄生幼鸟的数量是最高的，当鸡蛋与主机同步，当主机离合器较大，或较少数量的寄生虫卵被添加到一个巢，从而有利于寄生虫，分布他们的鸡蛋之间的一些巢。对巢址的更大压力可能是阿伯丁殖民地寄生率较高和巢中寄生虫卵数量较多的原因。虽然大多数寄生雌椋鸟似乎比非寄生的成功得多，巢寄生在椋鸟可能会直接演变时，一个或多个以下优势。(1)雌性可以产卵的数量没有限制，但对她可以喂养的幼崽数量有限制。(2)雌性的存活率通过较少或没有卵/幼仔来提高。(3)目前的饲养条件有利于更多的年轻人比将产生的最常见的离合器大小生存。种内巢寄生被认为是种间巢寄生进化的第一阶段。
Biochemical genetic markers were used along with conventional methods (abnormal laying sequence/clutch size, unusual egg shape/pigmentation) to identify intraspecific nest parasitism at two British nestbox colonies of the European starling. Between 11 and 37% of first clutches were parasitized during 1977–1979. Parasitic females probably comprised all of the following categories: (1) paired females contesting a nestbox occupied by another pair; (2) previously paired females who had laid a clutch but had been unsuccessful; (3) unpaired females who had copulated with males that already had a mate and nest site; and (4) ‘professional’ nest parasites who distributed at lest some of their eggs in one or more nests other than their own. Although parasitized nests had higher clutch sizes, parasitism led to fewer host young fledging per egg laid, mainly through the eviction of eggs and subsequent nest desertion. Number of parasitic young fledged per egg laid was highest when eggs were laid synchronously with the host, when host clutches were larger, or a smaller number of parasite eggs were added to a nest, thus favouring parasites that distribute their eggs amongst a number of nests. A greater pressure on nest sites may have accounted for the higher levels of parasitism at the Aberdeen colony and for the greater number of parasite eggs laid in a nest. Although most parasitic female starlings appeared to be much less successful than non-parasitic ones, nest parasitism in the starling might evolve directly when one or more of the following advantages are present. (1) There are no constraints on the number of eggs a female may lay but there are constraints on the number of young she may feed adequately. (2) Female survival is increased by having fewer or no eggs/young to care for. (3) Current feeding conditions favour the survival of more young than would be produced by the most common clutch size. Intraspecific nest parasitism is considered to be a first stage in the evolution of interspecific nest parasitism.