Microglia - the brain's busy bees.
Microglia - the brain's busy bees.
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DOI：
10.12703/p5-53
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发表时间：
2013-12-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Kipnis J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cronk JC;Kipnis J
近年来，科学家对小胶质细胞及其在健康和疾病中的作用的看法发生了重大变化。几十年来，人们一直认为小胶质细胞是大脑中静止不动的免疫细胞，等待免疫损伤来调用它们。相比之下，现代成像技术显示，小胶质细胞不断运动，测量它们的环境。谱系追踪研究已经使人们认识到，小胶质细胞是一个更大的细胞家族的一部分，称为组织驻留巨噬细胞，其在胚胎发生期间从早期卵黄囊祖细胞产生，并移植到体内几乎每个器官。小胶质细胞和所有组织驻留的巨噬细胞依赖于通过CD 115（殖民地1受体）的信号传导来存活，主要是通过配体巨噬细胞集落刺激因子。然而，现在了解到，一些小胶质细胞对另一种CD 115配体白细胞介素-34具有特异性需求，其仅与皮肤中的朗格汉斯细胞共享。与经典观点相反，最近的证据表明，小胶质细胞的主要功能可能发生在出生后的神经发育和成人体内平衡，因为小胶质细胞的缺失或损伤导致与炎症免疫功能分离的病理学。总之，这些进展表明，小胶质细胞可能最终被利用或靶向通过鼓励或增强其促进健康的稳态功能来改善疾病结果。
Recent years have seen significant changes in the way scientists view microglia and their role in health and disease. For decades, it was presumed that microglia were stationary, inactive immune cells in the brain, waiting for an immunologic insult to call them into action. In contrast, modern imaging techniques have revealed that microglia are constantly in motion, surveying their environment. Lineage tracing studies have led to the understanding that microglia are part of a larger family of cells, called tissue-resident macrophages, which arise from early yolk sac progenitors during embryogenesis and engraft nearly every organ in the body. Microglia, and all tissue-resident macrophages, rely on signaling through CD115 (the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor) for survival, primarily through the ligand, macrophage colony-stimulating factor. However, it is now understood that some microglia have a specific need for another CD115 ligand, Interleukin-34, which is only shared with Langerhans cells in the skin. In contrast to classical views, recent evidence suggests that the primary functions of microglia may occur during postnatal neurodevelopment and adult homeostasis, as absence or impairment of microglia results in a pathology separate from inflammatory immune function. In summary, these advances suggest that microglia might eventually be utilized or targeted to improve disease outcomes via encouraging or enhancing their health-promoting homeostatic functions.