The social life of things: The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process
The social life of things: The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process
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事物的社会生活：事物的文化传记：作为过程的商品化
DOI：
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发表时间：
1986
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Igor Kopytoff
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Igor Kopytoff
对经济学家来说，商品就是。也就是说，某些事物和对事物的权利被生产、存在，并且可以被看作是在经济系统中流通的，因为它们被交换为其他事物，通常是交换为货币。当然，这一观点构成了商品的常识性定义：一种具有使用价值的物品，同时也具有交换价值。我将暂时接受这个定义，它应该足以提出某些初步问题，我将在论证需要时对其进行扩展。从文化的角度看，商品的生产也是一个文化和认知的过程：商品不仅要作为物质上的东西生产出来，而且要在文化上打上作为某种东西的标记。在一个社会中所有可用的物品中，只有一部分被认为适合作为商品标记。此外，同一事物在某一时刻可以被当作商品，而在另一时刻则不可以。最后，同样的东西可能同时被一个人视为商品，而被另一个人视为别的东西。事物是否以及何时是商品的这种转变和差异揭示了有形交易客观经济背后的道德经济。
For the economist, commodities simply are. That is, certain things and rights to things are produced, exist, and can be seen to circulate through the economic system as they are being exchanged for other things, usually in exchange for money. This view, of course, frames the commonsensical definition of a commodity: an item with use value that also has exchange value. I shall, for the moment, accept this definition, which should suffice for raising certain preliminary issues, and I shall expand on it as the argument warrants. From a cultural perspective, the production of commodities is also a cultural and cognitive process: commodities must be not only produced materially as things, but also culturally marked as being a certain kind of thing. Out of the total range of things available in a society, only some of them are considered appropriate for marking as commodities. Moreover, the same thing may be treated as a commodity at one time and not at another. And finally, the same thing may, at the same time, be seen as a commodity by one person and as something else by another. Such shifts and differences in whether and when a thing is a commodity reveal a moral economy that stands behind the objective economy of visible transactions.