Evolutionary foundations of human prosocial sentiments
Evolutionary foundations of human prosocial sentiments
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1100305108
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发表时间：
2011-06-28
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
House, Bailey R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Silk, Joan B.;House, Bailey R.
越来越多的证据表明，人类是非常利他的灵长类动物。食物共享和劳动分工在所有人类社会中发挥着重要作用，合作超越了亲密亲属和互惠伙伴网络的界限。在人类中，利他主义至少在一定程度上是由同理心和对他人福祉的关心推动的。尽管利他主义行为在其他灵长类动物中得到了很好的记录，但在其他灵长类物种中，包括大猩猩在内的利他主义行为的范围比人类要有限得多。此外，当利他主义确实发生在其他灵长类动物中时，通常仅限于熟悉的群体成员-近亲、配偶和互惠伙伴。这表明，在整个灵长类动物中，激发利他主义的社会偏好可能存在根本差异，目前人们对我们是如何成为如此不同寻常的类人猿有相当大的兴趣。一系列旨在检查亲社会情绪和行为的系统发育范围的实验研究开始揭示这个问题。在实验环境中，尽管卷尾猴和绒猴确实会在类似的任务中向其他人提供食物奖励，但黑猩猩和塔玛林并不总是利用机会向其他人提供食物奖励。尽管黑猩猩在食物递送任务中不满足亲社会性的实验标准，但它们帮助其他人完成任务以实现目标。不同物种之间的表现差异和不同任务之间的表现差异还没有完全被理解，并为进一步研究提出了新的问题。
A growing body of evidence shows that humans are remarkably altruistic primates. Food sharing and division of labor play an important role in all human societies, and cooperation extends beyond the bounds of close kinship and networks of reciprocating partners. In humans, altruism is motivated at least in part by empathy and concern for the welfare of others. Although altruistic behavior is well-documented in other primates, the range of altruistic behaviors in other primate species, including the great apes, is much more limited than it is in humans. Moreover, when altruism does occur among other primates, it is typically limited to familiar group members-close kin, mates, and reciprocating partners. This suggests that there may be fundamental differences in the social preferences that motivate altruism across the primate order, and there is currently considerable interest in how we came to be such unusual apes. A body of experimental studies designed to examine the phylogenetic range of prosocial sentiments and behavior is beginning to shed some light on this issue. In experimental settings, chimpanzees and tamarins do not consistently take advantage of opportunities to deliver food rewards to others, although capuchins and marmosets do deliver food rewards to others in similar kinds of tasks. Although chimpanzees do not satisfy experimental criteria for prosociality in food delivery tasks, they help others complete tasks to obtain a goal. Differences in performance across species and differences in performance across tasks are not yet fully understood and raise new questions for further study.