Risk Taking for Potential Reward Decreases across the Lifespan.
Risk Taking for Potential Reward Decreases across the Lifespan.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.017
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发表时间：
2016-06-20
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Dolan RJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Rutledge RB;Smittenaar P;Zeidman P;Brown HR;Adams RA;Lindenberger U;Dayan P;Dolan RJ
老龄化对决策的影响程度存在争议。鉴于老年人面临的关键财务决策（例如管理退休基金），风险偏好的变化尤为重要。尽管一些研究发现，老年人比年轻人更厌恶风险，但也存在相互矛盾的结果，而且最近的一项荟萃分析发现，没有证据表明在整个生命周期中冒险行为发生了一致的变化。迄今为止，很少有人研究与年龄相关的决策变化的潜在基础，即与年龄相关的多巴胺下降，多巴胺是一种与冒险行为相关的神经调节剂。在这里，我们在基于智能手机的实验（n = 25,189）中描述了选择偏好，其中参与者在安全和有风险的选项之间进行选择。在试验中选择的具有潜在收益但没有潜在损失的风险选项的数量在整个生命周期中逐渐减少，这一发现对人口老龄化可能产生重要的经济后果。使用一种新颖的回避计算模型，我们发现巴甫洛夫对潜在奖励的吸引力随着年龄的增长而下降。这种巴甫洛夫偏差与多巴胺有关，表明这种神经调节剂与年龄相关的下降可能导致观察到的冒险行为的减少。衰老减少了潜在收益的风险，但没有减少潜在损失的风险计算模型显示，巴甫洛夫对奖励的影响随着年龄的增长而减少与年龄相关的多巴胺下降可以解释巴甫洛夫偏差的减少。使用基于智能手机的大规模实验来研究衰老如何影响不确定性下的决策。在整个生命周期中，为潜在回报而不是损失而承担的风险逐渐减少，这与多巴胺系统与年龄相关的衰退的解释一致。
The extent to which aging affects decision-making is controversial. Given the critical financial decisions that older adults face (e.g., managing retirement funds), changes in risk preferences are of particular importance. Although some studies have found that older individuals are more risk averse than younger ones, there are also conflicting results, and a recent meta-analysis found no evidence for a consistent change in risk taking across the lifespan. There has as yet been little examination of one potential substrate for age-related changes in decision-making, namely age-related decline in dopamine, a neuromodulator associated with risk-taking behavior. Here, we characterized choice preferences in a smartphone-based experiment (n = 25,189) in which participants chose between safe and risky options. The number of risky options chosen in trials with potential gains but not potential losses decreased gradually over the lifespan, a finding with potentially important economic consequences for an aging population. Using a novel approach-avoidance computational model, we found that a Pavlovian attraction to potential reward declined with age. This Pavlovian bias has been linked to dopamine, suggesting that age-related decline in this neuromodulator could lead to the observed decrease in risk taking. Aging reduced risk taking for potential gains but not potential losses Computational models revealed that a Pavlovian influence of reward decreased with age Age-related dopamine decline can explain the decrease in Pavlovian biases Rutledge et al. used a large-scale smartphone-based experiment to investigate how aging affects decision-making under uncertainty. Risk taking for potential rewards but not losses gradually decreased over the lifespan, consistent with an explanation in terms of age-related decline in the dopamine system.