Timing of fungal spore release dictates survival during atmospheric transport
Timing of fungal spore release dictates survival during atmospheric transport
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1913752117
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发表时间：
2020-03-10
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Seminara, Agnese
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Oneto, Daniele Lagomarsino;Golan, Jacob;Seminara, Agnese
真菌散布孢子以在景观中移动，孢子解放采取不同的模式。许多物种间歇性地释放孢子；其他物种在一天中的特定时间释放孢子。尽管有耐人寻味的周期性证据，但为什么(以及是否)孢子释放的时间会对真菌产生影响仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。在这里，我们使用最先进的大气传输和气象数据的数值模拟来跟踪北美各地大气中许多孢子在一天中的不同时间、季节和位置的轨迹。虽然单个孢子由于湍流而遵循不可预测的轨迹，但在聚集模式中出现了：统计数据显示，白天释放的孢子飞行几天，而晚上释放的孢子在几个小时内返回地面。差异是由白天强烈的湍流和夜间的弱湍流造成的。这种模式很普遍，但其可靠性各不相同；例如，在南部地区，昼夜模式较强。结果提供了可检验的假说，解释了间歇性和规律性的孢子释放模式，作为最大限度地提高孢子在空气中存活的策略。具有短命孢子的物种在白天有强烈湍流的地方繁殖，例如在墨西哥，通过在晚上释放孢子来最大化生存。在周期较弱的地方，例如加拿大的秋季，每天同一时间释放孢子是没有好处的。我们的数据挑战了认为真菌传播是危险的、浪费的和超出个人控制的看法；我们的数据表明，孢子释放的时间可能会被微调，以在大气运输过程中最大限度地适应环境。
Fungi disperse spores to move across landscapes and spore liberation takes different patterns. Many species release spores intermittently; others release spores at specific times of day. Despite intriguing evidence of periodicity, why (and if) the timing of spore release would matter to a fungus remains an open question. Here we use state-of-the-art numerical simulations of atmospheric transport and meteorological data to follow the trajectory of many spores in the atmosphere at different times of day, seasons, and locations across North America. While individual spores follow unpredictable trajectories due to turbulence, in the aggregate patterns emerge: Statistically, spores released during the day fly for several days, whereas spores released at night return to ground within a few hours. Differences are caused by intense turbulence during the day and weak turbulence at night. The pattern is widespread but its reliability varies; for example, day/night patterns are stronger in southern regions. Results provide testable hypotheses explaining both intermittent and regular patterns of spore release as strategies to maximize spore survival in the air. Species with short-lived spores reproducing where there is strong turbulence during the day, for example in Mexico, maximize survival by releasing spores at night. Where cycles are weak, for example in Canada during fall, there is no benefit to releasing spores at the same time every day. Our data challenge the perception of fungal dispersal as risky, wasteful, and beyond control of individuals; our data suggest the timing of spore liberation may be finely tuned to maximize fitness during atmospheric transport.