From Industrial Garden to Food Desert: Unearthing the Root Structure of Urban Agriculture in Oakland, California
From Industrial Garden to Food Desert: Unearthing the Root Structure of Urban Agriculture in Oakland, California
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从工业园到食物荒漠：挖掘加州奥克兰都市农业的根结构
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发表时间：
2008
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通讯作者：
N. McClintock
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作者：
N. McClintock
本文运用城市政治生态学的理论框架，探讨了城市农业在加州奥克兰的兴起。作为减少其“生态足迹”和保证城市贫困人口获得营养食品的日益努力的一部分，奥克兰市最近接受了一个目标，即在当地采购30%的食品，其中少量应来自联合国。这些小花园和农场中的许多将位于所谓的“食物沙漠”，即奥克兰平原上远离超市的低收入地区，以便为参与者和客户提供新鲜食物以及生态和烹饪知识。最近对包括城市花园计划在内的一些食物正义倡议的批评认为，这些项目本质上是新自由主义的，强调物质主义和自我改善，同时填补了国家倒退留下的空白。在本文中，我认为，奥克兰的历史的宏观层面的结构分析揭示了解放作用的UA。我展示了整个世纪工业资本的流动和种族化的城市规划是如何将资本的贬值集中到平原上的，最终导致了食物沙漠。按照卡尔·波兰尼所说的资本主义“双重运动”的逻辑，粮食正义活动家正在通过普遍获得动员起来，以对抗资本对平原的不均衡改造。
In this paper, I use a framework of urban political ecology to explore the rise of urban agriculture (UA) in Oakland, California. As part of a growing effort to reduce its “ecological footprint” and to guarantee access to nutritious food for the urban poor, the City of Oakland has recently embraced a goal of sourcing 30 percent of its food locally, a modest amount of which should come from UA. Many of these small gardens and farms are to be located in so-called “food deserts,” low-income areas far from supermarkets, in the Oakland flatlands in order to provide access to fresh food as well as ecological and culinary knowledge to participants and customers. Recent critiques of some food justice initiatives, including urban garden programs, have argued that such projects are neoliberal in nature, emphasizing entrepreneurialism and self-betterment while filling in gaps left by the rolling back of the state. In this paper, I argue that a macro-level structural analysis of Oakland’s history reveals the emancipatory role of UA. I demonstrate how flows of industrial capital and racialized urban planning throughout the 20th century concentrated the devaluation of capital to the flatlands, ultimately giving rise to food deserts. Following the logic of what Karl Polanyi referred to as capitalism’s “double movement,” food justice activists are mobilizing through UA to counter capital’s uneven transformation of the flatlands.