The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean
The spread of steppe and Iranian-related ancestry in the islands of the western Mediterranean
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DOI：
10.1038/s41559-020-1102-0
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发表时间：
2020-02-24
影响因子：
16.8
通讯作者：
Reich, David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Fernandes, Daniel M.;Mittnik, Alissa;Reich, David
人们对地中海中部和西部岛屿的人口历史知之甚少。在这里，作者产生了来自巴利阿里群岛、西西里和撒丁岛的古代DNA数据，并估计了这些人口中草原牧民、伊朗和北非祖先的水平和时间。与草原牧民有关的祖先至少在公元前2500年到达中欧，而与伊朗农民有关的祖先至少在公元前1900年出现在爱琴海欧洲。然而，这些祖先如何扩散到地中海西部，在那里形成了今天生活的许多种群，人们仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们生成了来自巴利阿里群岛、西西里和撒丁岛的全基因组古代DNA数据，将报告数据的个人数量从5人增加到66人。巴利阿里群岛最年长的个体(公元前2400年)有草原牧民的祖先，可能是从伊比利亚向西向东迁徙而来的，尽管后来的两个巴利阿里人的草原牧民的祖先较少。在西西里，草原牧民的祖先在公元前2200年到达，部分来自伊比利亚；与伊朗有血缘关系的祖先在公元前二千年中期到达，与之前记载的传播到爱琴海是同一时代的；青铜时代后有大规模的人口更替。在撒丁岛，几乎所有的祖先都来自岛上的早期农民，直到公元前第一个千年，除了公元前三千年的一个异类，他主要是北非血统，他和大约同时代的伊比利亚人一起，证明了查尔科利特人从非洲到欧洲的广泛基因流动。撒丁岛的主要移民始于公元前1000年，目前，撒丁岛祖先中不超过56%-62%来自第一批农民。这一数值低于之前的估计，突显出撒丁岛与欧洲其他地区一样，一直是人口大规模流动和混杂的舞台。
The history of human populations in the islands of the central and western Mediterranean is poorly understood. Here, the authors generate ancient-DNA data from the Balearic Islands, Sicily and Sardinia, and estimate the level and timing of steppe pastoralist, Iranian and North African ancestries in these populations.Steppe-pastoralist-related ancestry reached Central Europe by at least 2500 bc, whereas Iranian farmer-related ancestry was present in Aegean Europe by at least 1900 bc. However, the spread of these ancestries into the western Mediterranean, where they have contributed to many populations that live today, remains poorly understood. Here, we generated genome-wide ancient-DNA data from the Balearic Islands, Sicily and Sardinia, increasing the number of individuals with reported data from 5 to 66. The oldest individual from the Balearic Islands (2400 bc) carried ancestry from steppe pastoralists that probably derived from west-to-east migration from Iberia, although two later Balearic individuals had less ancestry from steppe pastoralists. In Sicily, steppe pastoralist ancestry arrived by 2200 bc, in part from Iberia; Iranian-related ancestry arrived by the mid-second millennium bc, contemporary to its previously documented spread to the Aegean; and there was large-scale population replacement after the Bronze Age. In Sardinia, nearly all ancestry derived from the island's early farmers until the first millennium bc, with the exception of an outlier from the third millennium bc, who had primarily North African ancestry and who-along with an approximately contemporary Iberian-documents widespread Africa-to-Europe gene flow in the Chalcolithic. Major immigration into Sardinia began in the first millennium bc and, at present, no more than 56-62% of Sardinian ancestry is from its first farmers. This value is lower than previous estimates, highlighting that Sardinia, similar to every other region in Europe, has been a stage for major movement and mixtures of people.