Mechanism of parkin activation by PINK1.

Mechanism of parkin activation by PINK1.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41586-018-0224-x
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发表时间:
2018-07
期刊:
影响因子:
64.8
通讯作者:
Komander D
Komander D
中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gladkova C;Maslen SL;Skehel JM;Komander D

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E3 泛素连接酶 Parkin (PARK2) 和蛋白激酶 PINK1 (PARK6) 的突变与常染色体隐性幼年型帕金森症 (AR-JP) 有关,并在细胞水平上导致线粒体自噬缺陷,线粒体自噬是组织破坏受损线粒体的细胞过程。 Parkin 具有自身抑制性,需要 PINK1 激活,PINK1 会磷酸化泛素和 Parkin 泛素样 (Ubl) 结构域中的 Ser65。 Parkin 结合磷酸泛素,从而实现 Parkin 的有效磷酸化,但该酶仍因难以接近的活性位点而受到自身抑制。目前尚不清楚 Parkin 的磷酸化如何激活该分子。我们通过氢氘交换质谱法跟踪全长人类 Parkin 的激活,并揭示了激活过程中的大规模结构域重排,其中磷酸-Ubl 重新结合到 Parkin 核心,并释放催化 RING2 结构域。磷酸化人 Parkin 的 1.8 Å 晶体结构揭示了磷酸化 Ubl 在独特 Parkin 结构域 (UPD) 上的结合位点,涉及由 AR-JP 突变排列的磷酸盐结合袋。引人注目的是,Ubl 和 UPD 之间的保守连接区充当激活元件 (ACT),通过模仿 UPD 上的 RING2 相互作用来促进 RING2 释放,从而解释了进一步的 AR-JP 突变。我们的数据揭示了 Parkin 中的自抑制是如何解决的,并表明 Parkin 如何通过不受束缚的 RING2 结构域泛素化其底物。这为设计用于临床的 Parkin 激活剂开辟了令人兴奋的新途径。
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin (PARK2) and the protein kinase PINK1 (PARK6) are linked to autosomal-recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP), and at the cellular level cause defects in mitophagy, the cellular process that organises destruction of damaged mitochondria. Parkin is autoinhibited, and requires activation by PINK1, which phosphorylates Ser65 in ubiquitin and in the Parkin ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain. Parkin binds phospho-ubiquitin, which enables efficient Parkin phosphorylation, however the enzyme remains autoinhibited with an inaccessible active site. It is unclear how phosphorylation of Parkin activates the molecule. We here follow the activation of full-length human Parkin by hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, and reveal large scale domain rearrangement in the activation process, in which the phospho-Ubl rebinds to the Parkin core, and releases the catalytic RING2 domain. A 1.8 Å crystal structure of phosphorylated human Parkin reveals the binding site of the phosphorylated Ubl on the Unique Parkin Domain (UPD), involving a phosphate-binding pocket lined by AR-JP mutations. Strikingly, a conserved linker region between Ubl and UPD acts as an activating element (ACT) that contributes to RING2 release by mimicking RING2 interactions on the UPD, explaining further AR-JP mutations. Our data unveils how autoinhibition in Parkin is resolved, and suggests how Parkin ubiquitinates its substrates via an untethered RING2 domain. This opens exciting new avenues to design Parkin activators for clinical use.
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