Calculating failure: The making of a calculative infrastructure for forgiving and forecasting failure
Calculating failure: The making of a calculative infrastructure for forgiving and forecasting failure
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计算失败：构建用于原谅和预测失败的计算基础设施
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Miller
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Liisa Kurunmäki;P. Miller
这篇文章研究了如何节省失败的范畴，并使之成为可计算的。它分三个阶段探讨了这一转变的前提条件。首先，它探讨了失败是如何在19世纪的美国和英国被“原谅”的，它是如何被定义为经济或金融方面的，而不是个人或道德上的。其次，它探讨了19世纪中期叙述和评级失败的快速增长，特别关注了19世纪40年代以来信用评级机构的形成。我们还考虑了两个偶然的技术发展在这一过程中所起的作用：打字机和复印用复写纸。第三，我们考察了可计算基础设施的出现，这种基础设施帮助建立了一个从20世纪初就试图预测破产的行业，最初是基于财务比率，最近则是通过使用风险指数。我们用“计算失败”这一术语来描述失败观念和失败工具的转变和节约，并认为这对战略研究具有重要意义。
This paper examines how the category of failure was economised and made calculable. It explores the preconditions for this shift in three stages. First, it explores how failure came to be ‘forgiven’ in both the US and the UK across the nineteenth century, how it came to be defined as something that is economic or financial, rather than personal or moral. Second, it explores the rapid growth of narrating and rating failure in the mid-nineteenth century, with particular attention to the formation of credit rating agencies from the 1840s onwards. We consider also the roles played in this process by two fortuitous technological developments: the typewriter and carbon paper for copying. Third, we examine the emergence of the calculative infrastructure, which has helped to establish an industry of attempts to forecast failure from the beginning of the twentieth century, initially on the basis of financial ratios, and more recently through the use of risk indexes. We use the term ‘calculating failure’ to describe this transformation and economisation of both the ideas and the instruments of failure, and suggest that this has significant implications for the study of strategy.