Age, Information Processing Speed, and Intelligence
Age, Information Processing Speed, and Intelligence
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年龄、信息处理速度和智力
DOI：
10.1080/14640749408401135
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发表时间：
1994
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Louise Goward
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Rabbitt;Louise Goward
两个平行的，但独立的，文献已经成长的观察，个人差异的信息处理速度，表现在选择反应时（C RT）的任务，适度相关的年龄和智商测试表现的个人差异。这些关联促使人们提出了这样的理论：信息处理速度的个体差异在功能上决定了不同一般智力水平（Eysenck，1986;詹森，1985）或年龄（Salthouse，1982，1985）的人在所有认知技能表现上的个体差异。本文献所依据的实验存在方法上的缺陷，因此在实践中只在很早的时候进行了比较，并且只关注正确反应的平均延迟。一项实验比较了90名年龄从50岁到79岁的志愿者，他们根据AH 4（Heim，1968）智商测试的表现分组。它探讨了年龄和智商测试分数的个体差异的联合和独立影响，以及练习对平均延迟（C RT）的影响，对正确和不正确反应的分布形状以及对准确反应的极限速度（速度/错误权衡函数）的影响。我们认为，一个合理的解释的结果是，在年龄和一般能力的个体差异影响C RT的主要原因是，他们影响的效率与反应可以控制，以最大限度地提高速度，同时保持准确性。
Two parallel, but independent, literatures have grown out of observations that individual differences in information processing speed, as expressed in performance on choice reaction time (C RT) tasks, modestly correlate with individual differences in age and IQ test performance. These associations have prompted theories that individual differences in information processing speed functionally determine individual differences in performance of all cognitive skills by people of different general intellectual ability (Eysenck, 1986; Jensen, 1985) or age (Salthouse, 1982, 1985). The experiments on which this literature has been based suffer from methodological weaknesses, such that comparisons have only been made very early in practice and have only concerned mean latencies for correct responses. An experiment compared 90 volunteers aged from 50 through 79 years who were grouped in terms of their performance on the AH 4 (Heim, 1968) IQ test. It explored the joint and independent effects of individual differences in age and in IQ test score and the effects of practice on mean latencies (C RTs) on the shapes of distributions of correct and incorrect responses and on the limiting speeds with which accurate responses can be made (speed/error trade-off functions). We suggest that a plausible explanation for the results is that individual differences in age and in general ability influence C RTs mainly because they affect the efficiency with which responses can be controlled to maximize speed while maintaining accuracy.