Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance
Volcanic dust in the atmosphere; with a chronology and assessment of its meteorological significance
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DOI：
10.1098/rsta.1970.0010
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发表时间：
1970
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Byron Lamb;H. Lamb
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Byron Lamb;H. Lamb
在定义了报告火山爆发时常用的术语并注意到以前评估其规模的方法之后，本研究继续研究对气象学重要性或可能重要性的方面-主要是大气中产生的尘埃，颗粒大小和分布，高度，下降速度和大气停留时间。后面的部分讨论了尘埃通过大气环流的传播以及对辐射、表面温度和极地冰的范围的直接影响。这些影响，以及抛出的固体物质总量的各种粗略的措施，被用来达到火山爆发的尘埃幕指数（d）方面的数字评估。（v. i.）。尘埃的起源纬度（火山的纬度）受到一些关注，显然影响了随后三四年的大气环流发展过程，至少在大爆发的情况下是这样。V. I.在一个半球上> 100）。对极地海洋上冰的范围的影响可能持续较长的时间，从而在较长的年份里影响大气环流，因为似乎与累积的d.v.i.有某种联系。当连续的大爆发发生时，只有几年之间的价值。最后一个冰河时代以来火山尘的时间分布，以及自1960年以来。D.第1500章只要证据允许人们提出了与气候变化有关的一些联系，但很明显，火山尘不是唯一的，也可能不是主要的影响。附录给出了火山爆发的年表（包括那些似乎可以忽略的对世界天气或气候的影响）和d的年表。V. I.价值观第三个附录通过图表显示了自1680年以来40次最大的火山爆发之后的几年中，西北欧地区1月和7月某些环流参数的变化。
After defining the terms commonly used in reporting volcanic eruptions and noting previous approaches to assessment of their magnitudes, this study proceeds to examine aspects of importance, or possible importance, to meteorology―principally the dust veils created in the atmosphere, particle sizes and distribution, heights, fall speeds and atmospheric residence times. Later sections deal with spread of the dust by the atmospheric circulation and the direct effects apparent upon radiation, surface temperature and extent of ice in the polar regions. These effects, as well as various crude measures of the total quantity of solid matter thrown up, are used to arrive at numerical assessments of volcanic eruptions in terms of a dust veil index (d. v. i.). The latitude of origin of the dust (latitude of the volcano) receives some attention, and apparently affects the course of development of the atmospheric circulation over the three or four years following, at least in the case of great eruptions (d. v. i. > 100 over one hemisphere). Effects upon the extent of ice on the polar seas may be of somewhat longer duration, and thereby influence the atmospheric circulation over a longer period of years, since there seems to be some association with the cumulative d.v.i. values when successive great eruptions occur with only few years between. The time distribution of volcanic dust since the last Ice Age, and since a. d. 1500, are indicated in as much detail as the evidence permits. Some associations with changes of climate are suggested, but it is clear that volcanic dust is not the only, and probably not the main, influence in this. The appendices give a chronology of eruptions (including those which it seems possible to dismiss as regards any effect on world weather or climate) and a chronology of d. v. i. values. A third appendix displays by means of graphs the variation of some circulation parameters in January and July in the region of northwest Europe over the years immediately following forty of the greatest eruptions since 1680.