Sting jets in severe northern European wind storms
Sting jets in severe northern European wind storms
复制标题
北欧强风暴中的斯汀喷气式飞机
作者：
Baker L
温带气旋经常产生强烈的地面风，主要与暖锋和冷锋的低空急流有关。人们发现，一些严重的温带气旋在其发展的某个阶段会产生额外区域的局部强风，并且可能具有非常大的破坏性。这些强风与起源于云头内的空气有关，云头是一个钩形的云区域，与气旋中心的极地一侧有尖锐、凸形、极地边界。空气从云头的尖端排出，并从那里迅速下降到表面。这种与强表面风相关的快速下降的空气被称为“刺射流”，类似于蝎子尾巴末端的毒刺（术语源自 Grønås，1995）。在已发表的文献中，很少有发现带有刺状喷气机的风暴的案例。最详细的研究是关于 1987 年 10 月 15 日至 16 日席卷英国的大风暴（Browning，2004；Clark 等人，2005）。在这场风暴中，记录到的峰值阵风超过 50ms–1 (91kn)，造成了价值数亿磅的损失，并砍倒了数百万棵树（Burt 和 Mansfield，1988）。 Parton (2007) 使用中层-平流层-对流层 (MST) 雷达数据识别了七年期间具有破坏性风的中尺度事件，并将其中一些归类为潜在的刺流案例。其中一些案例已得到更详细的研究，包括 Windstorm Jeanette（2002 年 10 月 27 日）（Parton 等人，2009 年）。除此之外，还有许多其他案件也表现出类似的发展情况，适合调查。这项工作的重点是一个这样的案例研究，即被称为“Gudrun”或“Erwin”的风暴，这是一场于 2005 年 1 月 7 日至 9 日期间席卷英国和北欧的强大风暴。在这场风暴中观察到强烈的地面风，阵风超过 40ms–1 (78kn)，当风暴席卷英国和后来的斯堪的纳维亚半岛时，造成了严重的破坏。该系统还导致英格兰西北部的卡莱尔发生严重洪水。与这场风暴相关的强表面风和带状云头结构表明，它可能包含一股刺流，并使这场风暴成为一个合适的研究案例。本文首先概述了以往有关刺射流旋风分离器的工作，包括其特征和一些导致刺射流的假设机制。接下来是使用该风暴的模型模拟结果对古德伦风暴进行分析，并提供在此情况下发生刺射流的证据。
Extratropical cyclones often produce strong surface winds, mostly associated with low-level jets along warm and cold fronts. Some severe extratropical cyclones have been found to produce an additional area of localized strong, and potentially very damaging, surface winds during a certain part of their development. These strong winds are associated with air that originates within the cloud head, a hookshaped region of cloud with a sharp, convex, poleward boundary to the poleward side of the cyclone centre. The air exits at the tip of the cloud head and descends rapidly from there to the surface. This rapidly descending air associated with the strong surface winds has been termed a ‘sting jet’, by analogy with the poisonous sting at the end of a scorpion’s tail (terminology derived from Grønås, 1995). Very few cases of storms with sting jets have been identified in published literature. The most detailed study has been of the Great Storm, which passed over the UK on 15/16 October 1987 (Browning, 2004; Clark et al., 2005). In this storm, peak gusts of over 50ms–1 (91kn) were recorded, resulting in hundreds of millions of pounds worth of damage and felling millions of trees (Burt and Mansfield, 1988). Parton (2007) identified mesoscale events with damaging winds over a sevenyear period using Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar data, and classified some of these as potential sting jet cases. Some of these cases have been studied in more detail, including Windstorm Jeanette (27 October 2002)(Parton et al., 2009). In addition to these, there are many other cases which show similar development and which are suitable cases for investigation. This work focuses on one such case study, the windstorm known as ‘Gudrun’or ‘Erwin’, a powerful windstorm that passed over the UK and Northern Europe during 7 to 9 January 2005. Strong surface winds were observed in this storm, with gusts of over 40ms–1 (78kn), which caused significant damage as the storm passed over land, both in the UK and later in Scandinavia. The system also caused severe flooding inCarlisle in northwest England. The strong surface winds associated with this storm and a banded, cloud-head structure, indicated that it may have contained a sting jet, and made this storm a suitable case to study. This paper begins with an overview of previous work on sting jet cyclones, including their characteristic features and some hypothesized mechanisms that lead to sting jets. This is followed by an analysis of the Gudrun storm, using results from a model simulation of this storm, and presenting evidence that a sting jet occurred in this case.
风廓线仪对刺射流的观测
影响因子：
8.9
作者：
G. Parton;G. Vaughan;E. Norton;K. Browning;P. Clark
通讯作者：
P. Clark
影响因子：
2
作者：
S. Grønås
通讯作者：
S. Grønås
尾端的刺：云头精细三维结构的模型诊断
影响因子：
8.9
作者：
P. Clark;K. Browning;C.‐G. Wang
通讯作者：
C.‐G. Wang