Secondary metabolites of ripe fleshy fruits: ecology and phylogeny in the genus Solanum.
Secondary metabolites of ripe fleshy fruits: ecology and phylogeny in the genus Solanum.
复制标题
成熟肉质果实的次生代谢物：茄属的生态学和系统发育。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
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通讯作者：
M. Galetti
中科院分区：
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作者：
M. Cipollini;L. Bohs;K. Mink;Eric Paulk;K. Böhning‐Gaese;D. Levey;W. R. Silva;M. Galetti
为什么成熟的肉质果实含有次级代谢物，有时浓度使果实对脊椎动物有毒？水果的化学和物理特性如何影响食果动物的选择？这些问题引起了那些对理解果实性状的适应作用感兴趣的人的注意（参见Cipollini和Levey，1997 a，B，c; Cipollini，2000）。然而，对这些研究的批评是，很少有人讨论生理和系统发育限制对果实性状的可能影响（见Cipollini和Levey，1998; Eriksson和Ehrlen，1998）。我们通过研究茄属植物的果实性状来解决这一问题，同时评估和解释系统发育的影响。在这里，我们提供了对我们数据的初步分析，我们希望这将激励其他人进行类似的分析。从理论上讲，食果动物之间种子传播质量的可预测差异应该会影响果实性状的进化（参见Janson，1983; Wheelwright，1985; Jordano 1987 a; Debussche和Isenmann，1989; Willson等人，1989; Gautier-Hion，1990; Stiles和Rosselli，1992）。然而，使用系统发育零模型的研究并不支持这一理论（参见Bremer and Eriksson，1992; Herrera，1992; Jordano，1995）。这种缺乏支持的情况被认为部分是由于特定食果动物与它们传播种子的植物之间的相互作用广泛脱钩（参见Howe，1984; Jordano，1987 b; Herrera，1998）。然而，大多数关于果实性状进化的研究忽略了次生代谢物的作用，次生代谢物可能是果实-食果动物相互作用的重要介质（Cipollini和Levey，1997 c，1998）。我们已经提出了几个关于成熟肉质果实中次生代谢物的适应性意义的适应性假说（Cipollini，2000）。在一般情况下，这些假设假设承担植物的选择性优势，含有次生代谢产物的水果，从而预测，在水果中的次生化学的模式可以解释，至少部分地，通过与食果动物的相互作用。同样，假设
Why do ripe fleshy fruits contain secondary metabolites, sometimes in concentrations that make the fruits toxic to vertebrates? And how do the chemical and physical characteristics of fruits influence choice by frugivores? These questions have drawn the attention of those interested in understanding the adaptive roles of fruit traits (see Cipollini and Levey, 1997a, b,c; Cipollini, 2000). However, a criticism of such studies is that few have addressed the possible influence of physiological and phylogenetic constraints on fruit traits (see Cipollini and Levey, 1998; Eriksson and Ehrlen, 1998). We are addressing this concern by studying fruit traits of the genus Solanum, while assessing and accounting for phylogenetic effects. Here we provide a preliminary analysis of our data, which we hope will stimulate others to conduct similar analyses. Theoretically, predictable differences in the quality of seed dispersal among frugivores should influence the evolution of fruit traits (see Janson, 1983; Wheelwright, 1985; Jordano 1987a; Debussche and Isenmann, 1989; Willson et al., 1989; Gautier-Hion, 1990; Stiles and Rosselli, 1992). Nevertheless, studies using phylogenetic null models have not supported this theory (see Bremer and Eriksson, 1992; Herrera, 1992; Jordano, 1995). This lack of support is assumed to result, in part, because of extensive decoupling of interactions between particular frugivores and the plants whose seeds they disperse (see Howe, 1984; Jordano, 1987b; Herrera, 1998). However, most studies on the evolution of fruit traits have overlooked the effects of secondary metabolites, which are probably important mediators of fruit– frugivore interactions (Cipollini and Levey, 1997c, 1998). We have presented several adaptive hypotheses on the adaptive significance of secondary metabolites in ripe fleshy fruits (Cipollini, 2000). In general, these hypotheses assume a selective advantage to plants bearing fruits containing secondary metabolites and thus predict that patterns of secondary chemistry in fruits can be explained, at least in part, by interactions with frugivores. Likewise, the hypotheses