Atmospheric sulfur over the east Mediterranean region
Atmospheric sulfur over the east Mediterranean region
复制标题
东地中海地区大气中的硫
DOI：
10.1029/96jd01579
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发表时间：
1996
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
I. Seter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Luria;M. Peleg;Geula Sharf;Dafna Siman Tov;Nadine D. Spitz;Y. B. Ami;Zohir Gawii;Batia Lifschitz;Amir Yitzchaki;I. Seter
在1984年至1993年的10年期间，在以色列的各个地面站点和一架装有仪器的飞机上间歇地测量了硫酸盐颗粒。在测量的同时，还同时监测了一级和二级空气污染物以及气象参数。在Etzion 1984-1986年、耶路撒冷1987-1988年和耶路撒冷1990-1991年的三项研究中，进行了至少一年的测量。其他研究是在夏季进行的，当时观察到较高水平的二次污染物，包括颗粒硫酸盐。在大多数研究中，对4个连续的6小时时间段进行采样。在凯撒利亚1993年的一项研究中，只有当风垂直于海岸线时才采集硫酸盐样本。空中测量是沿着行星边界层内的三条南北路径、地中海沿岸、朱迪亚-撒玛利亚山脉和约旦河谷进行的。沿着三条南北路径进行。每个飞行路径包括30至45分钟的连续采样的二氧化硫和一个综合样品的颗粒硫酸盐。在我们的所有研究中，与世界其他地方相比，观察到的颗粒硫酸盐浓度相对较高。最高值，偶尔超过500 nmole m−3，发现在夏季。冬季的水平在50-100 nmole m−3之间。三项长期研究计算的年平均值为100 ± 15 nmole m−3，是全球模型预测的该地区的两倍，也是美国一些污染较严重地区的报告。若干指标表明，该区域硫酸盐的来源不是本地来源，而是远距离迁移的结果。这些指标包括颗粒硫酸盐和主要污染物之间缺乏相关性，硫酸盐与总硫的高值，气团返回轨迹的起源，以及在不同地点同时观察到类似水平的事实。在整个研究过程中，下午的硫酸盐颗粒浓度较高，特别是在夏季和内陆地区。下午升高值的贡献不能与长距离运输和结果可能来自主要的硫排放源位于沿着以色列地中海沿岸。
Particulate sulfate has been measured intermittently at various ground sites in Israel and from an instrumented aircraft for a 10-year period between 1984 and 1993. The measurements were accompanied by concurrent monitoring of primary and secondary air pollutants and meteorological parameters. In three studies, Etzion 1984–1986, Jerusalem 1987–1988, and Jerusalem 1990–1991, measurements were taken for at least a year. The other studies were performed during summer months when higher levels of secondary pollutants, including particulate sulfate, were observed. In most of the studies samples were taken for four sequential 6-hour time segments. In one study, at Caesarea 1993, sulfate samples were taken only when wind flows were perpendicular to the coastline. The airborne measurements were performed along three north-south paths inside the planetary boundary layer, over the Mediterranean coast, over the Judea-Samaria mountains and over the Jordan Valley. Each flight path consisted of 30 to 45 minutes of continuous sampling of SO2 and one integrated sample of particulate sulfate. In all of our studies the concentration of particulate sulfate observed was relatively high compared with other world locations. The highest values, occasionally exceeding 500 nmole m−3, were found during the summer. Wintertime levels were in the range of 50–100 nmole m−3. The annual average, calculated for the three long studies, is 100 ± 15 nmole m−3, which is twice as high as predicted for the region by a global model and as high as reported for some of the more polluted regions in the US. Several indicators suggested that the origin of the sulfate in the region is not from local sources but the result of long range transport. The indicators include the lack of correlation between particulate sulfate and primary pollutants, the high sulfate to total sulfur values, the origin of the airmass back trajectories and the fact that similar levels were observed during concurrent periods at different sites. Throughout the study, higher concentration of particulate sulfate was found during the afternoon hours, especially during the summer and at the inland locations. The contribution to the afternoon elevated values could not be associated with long range transport and results probably from major sulfur emission sources located along the Israeli Mediterranean coast.
DOI：
10.1164/ajrccm/151.3_pt_1.669
发表时间：
1995-03-01
影响因子：
24.7
作者：
POPE, CA;THUN, MJ;HEATH, CW
通讯作者：
HEATH, CW
影响因子：
158.5
作者：
DOCKERY, DW;POPE, CA;SPEIZER, FE
通讯作者：
SPEIZER, FE