The edible West Indian “whelk” Cittarium pica (Gastropoda: Trochidae): Natural history with new observations
The edible West Indian “whelk” Cittarium pica (Gastropoda: Trochidae): Natural history with new observations
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可食用的西印度“海螺” Cittarium pica（腹足纲：Trochidae）：自然历史与新观察
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发表时间：
2003
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通讯作者：
R. Robertson
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作者：
R. Robertson
Cittarium pica （Linnaeus, 1758）是西印度群岛人类食用的第三大海洋无脊椎动物。关于它的信息非常分散，在此重新审查，并添加了原始数据、问题和结论。这种动物有一个相对较大的壳，很容易被收集，生活在潮间带和浅海下的岩石海岸上。在许多地方，由于渔民和其他人有选择地将大型动物移走，它们的种群已经枯竭。只有一种现存的柠檬，分布在百慕大、佛罗里达南部和大西印度群岛。它现存的近亲都不是美洲的，唯一的近亲是最近在法国渐新世发现的C. maestratii Lozouet（2002）。因此，该属的地理和地层起源仍然有些问题。在百慕达和佛罗里达南部，异食虫的出现自然是零星的。有时海面温度对这种热带动物来说太低了。还回顾了以下主题：系统分类，方言名称，命名法，分类，解剖和功能形态学，珍珠，贝壳描述，内部珠层，大小和巨人；壳强度、右旋盘度和寄居蟹占用率；生态和栖息地、共生体（独立的和依附的）、食物和喂养、繁殖、幼虫发育和生活史和运动、壳的生长速度和寿命、捕食者和逃逸反应；百慕大和佛罗里达的更新世事件和历史灭绝；人类的介绍;此外，人类用途，包括烹饪，以及可能的热带鱼中毒或雪卡毒素（由有毒的鞭毛藻引起）。最重要的新发现是：1)一种浅层穿透贝壳的蓝绿藻（蓝藻），可能是Plectonema terebrans Bornet和Flahault，只影响外部颜色图案的白色区域（Helen a . Randall， 1964年报道），只削弱这些贝壳区域并间接导致差异侵蚀：旧贝壳上的黑色，通常是锯齿状条纹或标记，比白色区域略高。2)多螺旋盖生长的某些方面，仅在外部可见，从其形态学推断，但主要问题仍然存在。随着生长，包盖旋转的次数和线圈一样多，生长边缘总是在相同的相对位置，在不断扩大的壳孔后部。肌盖由足背后方的肌肉附着在内侧。眼肌附着物和疤痕移动，这是必须的，而眼盖生长和旋转很多次。如何?3)偶尔，贝壳在非常浅的死珊瑚边缘珊瑚礁栖息地长得特别大，而不是“深”。据可靠报道，最大的炮弹宽137毫米，来自荷属安的列斯群岛。巴哈马群岛的两个，第一个有栖息地数据，分别是132毫米和126毫米宽。四散的精子云一度被误认为是一种“不透明液体”，引起附近香橼的“警报”。弗雷特和格雷厄姆（1994）或希克曼（1998）对这些主题都没有完全或根本没有涉及。Cittarium被证明是原始的，在trochid进化的主流中，很少有值得注意的或显著的生物特化，例如在其他一些trochid中发生的。文中还举例说明了车车科其他分类群在形态和功能上的极端多样性，并将其与车车属进行了比较。Trochids被认为是所有海洋腹足类动物家族中具有最广泛适应辐射的（Hickman, 1996），然而像Cittarium这样的原始Trochids仍然存在并且确实茁壮成长。然而，从地理和生态的角度来看，穴居动物的适应往往是异域的。
Abstract Cittarium pica (Linnaeus, 1758) is the third most important marine invertebrate species eaten by man in the West Indies. Information on it is widely scattered and is newly reviewed here, with original data, questions, and conclusions added. The animal has a relatively large shell and is easily collected, living intertidally and shallow subtidally on rocky shores. Its stocks are depleted at many places, large animals having been selectively removed by fishermen and others. There is only one living species of Cittarium, occurring in Bermuda, southern Florida, and in the greater West Indies. Its closest living relatives are all non-American, the only congener being the recently discovered C. maestratii Lozouet (2002) from the Oligocene of France. Thus the geographical and stratigraphic origins of the genus are still somewhat problematic. In Bermuda and southern Florida, the occurrence of C. pica alive is naturally sporadic. Sometimes sea surface temperatures are too low there for this tropical animal. The following topics are also reviewed: systematics, vernacular names, nomenclature, classification, anatomy and functional morphology, radulae, shell description, internal nacre, sizes and giants; shell strength, dextral coiling, and hermit crab occupancy; ecology and habitats, symbionts (unattached and attached), foods and feeding, reproduction, larval development and life history and movements, shell growth rates and longevity, predators, and escape responses; Pleistocene occurrences and historical extinctions in Bermuda and Florida; human introductions; also, human uses, including cookery, and possible tropical fish poisoning or ciguatera (caused by a toxic dinoflagellate). The most important new findings are: 1) That a shallowly shell-penetrating blue-green alga (Cyanophyta), probably Plectonema terebrans Bornet and Flahault, affecting only the white areas in the external color pattern (reported by Helen A. Randall, 1964), weakens these shell areas only and indirectly brings about differential erosion: the black, often zigzag stripes or marks on old shells become slightly higher in relief than the white areas. 2) Some aspects of multispiral operculum growth, visible externally only, are inferred from its morphology, but major questions remain. With growth, the operculum rotates as very many times as there are coils, and the growing edge is always in the same relative position, posterior, in the ever enlarging shell aperture. The operculum is attached on the inside by muscles arising postero-dorsally in the foot. The opercular muscle attachment and scar move, as they must, while the operculum grows and rotates very many times. How? 3) Occasionally, shells grow extra large in a very shallow, dead coral fringing reef habitat, not “deep”. The largest shell reliably reported is 137 mm wide and is from the Netherlands Antilles. Two from the Bahamas, the first with habitat data, are 132 and 126 mm wide. 4) Clouds of broadcast sperm were once mistaken for an “opaque liquid” causing “alarm” in nearby cittariums. None of these topics is addressed fully or at all by Fretter and Graham (1994) or Hickman (1998). Cittarium is shown to be primitive and in the mainstream of trochid evolution, having few if any noteworthy or remarkable biological specializations such as occur in some other trochids. Examples are given of extreme morphological and functional diversity in other taxa in the family Trochidae, comparing them with those in Cittarium. Trochids are suggested to have the widest adaptive radiation of any marine gastropod family (Hickman, 1996), yet primitive trochids such as Cittarium still exist and indeed thrive. Trochid adaptations tend, though, to be allopatric both as regards geography and ecology.