Genome Editing - Current Technology Advances and Applications for Crop Improvement
Genome Editing - Current Technology Advances and Applications for Crop Improvement
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基因组编辑 - 作物改良的最新技术进步和应用
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-031-08072-2_17
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Hundleby P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hundleby P
几个世纪以来，植物育种一直依赖于遗传变异的可用性，将新的理想性状引入作物。生物技术已经加快了诱导和利用新的遗传变异的能力，通过突变育种等方法和使用标记辅助育种等技术来快速确定所需的变异。这些技术属于“常规和传统”育种的定义范围，受到的管制较少。然而，植物育种者迫切需要获得更广泛的遗传变异，以满足当今全球农民和消费者的需求。新的育种技术（NBT），如基因组编辑，正在加速育种过程，并为植物育种者提供更大范围的遗传变异。再加上快速加速的基因组学时代，基因组编辑正在将植物育种带入一个令人兴奋的智能和精确植物育种时代。这些新技术出现的速度对监管环境提出了挑战。一些国家认为，基因组编辑作物需要与转基因生物相同的监管监督，而另一些国家则选择采用目前与将传统育种作物推向市场有关的相同安全评估进行监管。如果要平等获得这一技术并支持这些作物的国际贸易，就迫切需要统一监管环境。本章概述了基因组编辑作物的监管现状。
Plant breeding for centuries has relied on the availability of genetic variation to introduce new desirable traits into crops. Biotechnology has already accelerated the ability to induce and utilize new genetic variation, through approaches such as mutation breeding and using technologies such as marker assisted breeding to rapidly identify the required variation. These technologies fall within the definition of “conventional and traditional” breeding and are lightly regulated. However, plant breeders are facing an urgent need for access to wider genetic variation to meet the needs of today’s farmers and consumers worldwide. New breeding technologies (NBTs), such as genome editing, are speeding up the breeding process and providing plant breeders with access to a far greater range of genetic variation. Coupled with a rapidly accelerating genomics era, genome editing is moving plant breeding into an exciting era of intelligent and precision-based plant breeding. The speed at which these new technologies are emerging has challenged the regulatory climate. Some countries consider genome edited crops to require the same regulatory oversight as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), while others have chosen to regulate with the same safety evaluations currently associated with bringing conventionally bred crops to market. Harmonization of the regulatory climate is urgently needed if there is to be equal access to this technology and to support international trade of these crops. The current chapter provides a global overview of the current regulatory status of genome-edited crops.