EFFECTS OF CHILD-CARE PROGRAMS ON WOMENS WORK EFFORT
EFFECTS OF CHILD-CARE PROGRAMS ON WOMENS WORK EFFORT
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DOI：
10.1086/260297
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发表时间：
1974-01-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
HECKMAN, JJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HECKMAN, JJ
近年来，国会考虑了各种旨在鼓励福利领取者工作的工作补贴计划。这些项目中的许多项目只有在个人工作了最低限度的小时数时才能补贴他们。常用的方法不能直接回答有关的政策问题，因为涉及附带条件的提议，因此不能将提议视为简单的工资变化。这个问题的本质是两个或多个离散的方案之间的效用比较。这样的比较本质上需要关于消费者偏好的信息，而这些信息是从普通的劳动力供给函数中不容易获得的，为了进行这样的比较，我提出了一种直接估计货币收入和非市场时间之间的消费者无差异表面的方法。一旦这些表面被确定，它们可以被用来比较各种替代方案，以调查是否有帕累托最优的收入转移和时间再分配的空间，提高整个社会的福利水平，而不降低接受收入转移的个人的福利。这些无差异表面的知识使我们能够估计保留工资，以估计非工作妇女的时间价值（Gronau，1973），劳动力参与函数，工作时间函数，以及由于所得税计划造成的福利损失（Harberger，1964）。我证明，直接估计无差异表面允许我们，至少在原则上，放松
In recent years, Congress has considered a variety of work-subsidy programs designed to encourage work among welfare recipients. Many of these programs would subsidize individuals only if they work some minimum number of hours. Commonly used techniques cannot give direct answers to relevant policy questions since a tied offer is involved, and hence the offer cannot be treated as a simple wage change. The essence of the problem involves utility comparisons between two or more discrete alternatives. Such comparisons inherently require information about consumer preferences in a way not easily obtained from ordinary labor-supply functions.To make such comparisons, I present a method for directly estimating consumer indifference surfaces between money income and nonmarket time. Once these surfaces are determined, they can be used to compare a variety of alternative programs to investigate whether or not there is scope for Pareto-optimal redistribution of income transfers and time, improving the general level of welfare of the community at large without reducing the welfare of individuals receiving income transfers. Knowledge of these indifference surfaces allows us to estimate reservation wages to estimate the value of nonworking-women's time (Gronau 1973), laborforce participation functions, hours-of-work functions, and welfare losses due to income tax programs (Harberger 1964). I demonstrate that direct estimation of indifference surfaces allows us, at least in principle, to relax