Design, characterization, and evaluation of a small-scale diesel exhaust exposure system
Design, characterization, and evaluation of a small-scale diesel exhaust exposure system
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DOI：
10.1080/02786820490247623
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发表时间：
2004-01-01
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
White, RK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McDonald, JD;Barr, EB;White, RK
建立了一个单缸发动机柴油机排气暴露系统进行实验室健康影响研究。选择单缸发动机是为了提供一种成本效益高且易于操作的生物暴露系统，作为在底盘或试验台测功机上运行的大型发动机的替代方案。发动机是一台5500瓦的柴油发电机，通过连接一组11个500瓦的光源，在负载时运行。发动机与啮齿动物和细胞暴露室隔离，以改善暴露室中的过度噪音和热量。将废气稀释约100:1，并输送到1米(3)的通流暴露室，在那里详细评估废气成分。测量包括颗粒质量、粒度分布（基于数量和质量）、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、颗粒碳（有机和元素）、颗粒硫酸盐/硝酸盐、金属、总挥发性烃和特定挥发性烃、特定半挥发性烃和颗粒相多环芳烃。废气成分与已发表的柴油废气成分和2000年型号康明斯5.9L ISB发动机的废气成分进行了比较，该发动机在可变占空比上运行，使用与单缸发动机相同的燃料和润滑油。单缸发动机的排气成分与“典型”柴油排气和大型公路发动机一致。它产生的颗粒质量中值直径约为0.1微米，由大约70%的元素碳、大约35%的有机碳、大约4-5%的硫酸盐/硝酸盐和少量金属组成。挥发性和特定的有机/无机气体在文献值范围内，具有低颗粒结合芳香族化合物和大量挥发性和含氧有机物的特定特征。基于这一评估，这里描述的单缸发动机和排气稀释系统产生的排放应该有助于研究与各种柴油发动机排放有关的健康危害。
A single-cylinder engine diesel exhaust exposure system was constructed to conduct laboratory health effects studies. The single-cylinder engine was selected to provide a cost-effective and easy-to-operate biological exposure system as an alternative to larger engines operated on chassis or test stand dynamometers. The engine was a 5500-watt diesel generator operated at load by connection to a bank of 11 500 watt light sources. The engine was isolated from the rodent and cell exposure chambers to ameliorate excessive noise and heat in the exposure room. Exhaust was diluted approximately 100: 1 and routed to a 1 m(3) flow-through exposure chamber where the exhaust composition was assessed in detail. Measurements included particle mass, particle size distribution ( based on both number and mass), carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particle carbon ( organic and elemental), particle sulfate/nitrate, metals, total and speciated volatile hydrocarbons, and speciated semivolatile and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The exhaust composition was compared with published diesel exhaust compositions and that from a 2000 Model Cummins 5.9L ISB engine, which was operated on a variable duty cycle on a dynamometer using the same fuel and lube oil as the single-cylinder engine. The exhaust composition from the single-cylinder engine was consistent with "typical" diesel exhaust and the larger on-road engine. It yielded particle mass with a mass median diameter of similar to 0.1 mum that was composed of similar to70% elemental carbon, similar to35% organic carbon,similar to 4-5% sulfate/nitrate, and small amounts of metals. The volatile and speciated organic/inorganic gases were in the range of literature values, with specific characteristics of low particle bound aromatic compounds and higher amounts of volatile and oxygenated organics. Based on this evaluation, the single-cylinder engine and exhaust dilution system described here generates emissions that should be useful for studying health hazards that pertain to emissions from a broad range of diesel engines.