Toddlers' expectations of third-party punishments and rewards following an act of aggression
Toddlers' expectations of third-party punishments and rewards following an act of aggression
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DOI：
10.1002/ab.21979
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发表时间：
2021-06-08
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Surian, Luca
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Geraci, Alessandra;Surian, Luca
奖励为受害者辩护的人，惩罚不为受害者辩护的人，可能是社会生活中非常重要的互惠行为。本研究调查了21个月大的婴儿是否对这种惩罚和奖励行为有一些期望。婴儿们被展示了简单的木偶戏，并使用违反期望的范式进行测试。在实验1中，我们发现当婴儿看到一个旁观者木偶惩罚保护受害者的木偶时，他们看的时间比看到没有保护受害者的木偶时要长，当惩罚行为被奖励行为取代时，这种看时间的模式就颠倒了（实验2）。这些发现揭示了在第三方情境中对惩罚和奖励动机的早期预期，并为关于人类思维中合作和亲社会性的硬连线的理论主张提供了一些支持。
Rewarding someone who defends the victim of an unjust aggression and punishing someone who chose not to defend her may be very important acts of reciprocation in social life. This study investigates whether 21-month-olds have some expectations concerning such punishing and rewarding actions. Infants were shown simple puppet shows and were tested using the violation-of-expectation paradigm. In Experiment 1, we found that infants looked longer when they saw a bystander puppet punishing the puppet who defended the victim rather than the puppet who did not defend her. This pattern of looking times was reversed when the punishing action was replaced with a rewarding action (Experiment 2). These findings reveal early-emerging expectations about punitive and reward motivations in third-party contexts, and provide some support for theoretical claims about the hardwiring of the human mind for cooperation and prosociality.