ASPECTS OF EVOLUTION IN THE PARROT GENUS AGAPORNIS
ASPECTS OF EVOLUTION IN THE PARROT GENUS AGAPORNIS
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AGAPORNIS 鹦鹉属的进化各个方面
DOI：
10.1111/j.1474-919x.1948.tb01706.x
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
R. Moreau.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Moreau.
摘要
非洲鹦鹉属（英语：Agapornis）是一种与亚洲鹦鹉属（英语：Loriculus）有亲缘关系的鹦鹉属，通常被分为9种。
描述了它们的地理、海拔和生态范围，并计算了它们的温度关系。一般都同意伯格曼的规则。
只有两种无角鸟似乎在生态学上是专门化的：A. swinderniana是唯一一种仅限于热带万年青林的植物，其无花果种子可能是一种必需的食物; Pullaria或多或少完全依赖于树栖昆虫的巢作为筑巢地点。其他七种无角鸟是生活在干燥地区的鸟类，食物种类繁多，是不分青红皂白的洞巢鸟。
这九种鸟实际上都是异地分布的。这四种在东非有着密切亲缘关系的鸟类，在人工饲养中可以自由地产生可繁殖的杂交后代，但在自然界中似乎没有任何地方可以真正相遇。某些植被类型，特别是Brachystegia-Isoberlinia林地，似乎是一个有效的障碍，原因尚不清楚。
比较的颜色，大小和比例，两性异形的程度，少年羽毛，杂交和繁殖生物学。特别的兴趣点是：
1
在某些无角类中存在发育良好的两性异形和幼年羽毛，而在另一些无角类中完全没有。
2
对比鲜明的眼环的发展;两种形式来自羽毛，另外四种来自裸露的白色皮肤;也就是说，使用两种不同的生理基础。
3
尾形的某些特征在整个属中的持续性，与羽毛的其他部分的变化形成对比。
4
存在两对异域型，每一对都由一个粉红色头发的和一个含有更多黑色素的组成;但是黑色素的分布在这两个“黑色”型中非常不同。
5
事实上，有些形式的Agapornis携带他们的筑巢材料在他们的轮廓羽毛（一个习惯，否则只知道在Loriculus）和其他人没有。
虽然更新世非洲的某些构造和气候变化，通过分裂种群，促进了现有形式的进化，但这样提供的隔离机制似乎不够。
大多数的无角鸟科可以分为两类，较老的包括西非、阿比西尼亚和马达加斯加的类型。该属进化的主要趋势是消除（a）在轮廓羽毛中携带物质的习惯，以及（B）两性异形，部分是通过“升级”前部的雌性羽毛，部分是通过消除雄性的黑色翅下覆羽。
一个适当的图片内的关系属要求使用较新的分类类别，无性系，半种和超种，除了种和亚种。
该属为遗传分析提供了一个很好的领域。至少有五种鲜明的特征形式，包括亚种，半种和全种，很容易产生可育的杂种，其中一种具有在轮廓羽毛中携带物质的习惯。
Summary.
Agapornis, an African genus of parrots allied to Loriculus of Asia, has usually been classified in nine species.
Their geographical, altitudinal and ecological ranges are described and their temperature relations are worked out. There is a general agreement with Bergmann's rule.
Only two of the Agapornids appear to be in any respect ecologically specialized: to A. swinderniana, the only one confined to tropical evergreen forest, the seeds of figs may be an essential food; and A. pullaria is more or less completely dependent on the nests of arboreal insects for nesting-sites. The other seven Agapornids are birds of dry country with a wide range of food and are indiscriminate hole-nesters.
All nine birds are practically allopatric. The four closely allied birds in East Africa, which produce fertile hybrids very freely in captivity, seem nowhere actually to meet in nature. Certain vegetation types, especially Brachystegia-Isoberlinia woodland, appear to be an effective barrier, for reasons not clear.
Comparisons are made of colour, size and proportions, degree of sexual dimorphism, juvenile plumages, hybridization and breeding biology. Special points of interest are:—
1
The existence of well-developed sexual dimorphism and juvenile plumage in some Agapornids and their total absence in others.
2
The development of contrasting eye-rings; in two forms from feathers, in four others from naked white skin; that is, using two different physiological bases.
3
The persistence of certain features in the tail pattern throughout the genus, in contrast to the variability of other parts of the plumage.
4
The existence of two pairs of allopatric forms, each consisting of one pink-headed and one containing more melanin; but the distribution of the melanin being very different in the two “melanic” forms.
5
The fact that some forms of Agapornis carry their nesting-material in their contour feathers (a habit otherwise known only in Loriculus) and others do not.
Although certain of the tectonic and climatic changes in Pleistocene Africa would, by sundering populations, have facilitated evolution of the existing forms, the isolating mechanism so provided seems inadequate.
Most of the Agapornids fall into two groups, the older comprising the West African, Abyssinian and Madagascar forms. Main trends of evolution in the genus have been to eliminate (a) the habit of carrying material in the contour feathers, and (b) sexual dimorphism, partly by “grading up” the female plumage of the fore-parts and partly by eliminating the black under wing-coverts of the male.
A proper picture of relationships within the genus demands the use of the newer taxonomic categories, cline, semispecies and superspecies, in addition to the species and subspecies.
The genus provides a good field for genetical analysis. At least five sharply characterized forms, including subspecies, semispecies and full species, readily produce fertile hybrids, and one of the five has the habit of carrying material in the contour feathers.