HERV-K(HML-2), the Best Preserved Family of HERVs: Endogenization, Expression, and Implications in Health and Disease.
HERV-K(HML-2), the Best Preserved Family of HERVs: Endogenization, Expression, and Implications in Health and Disease.
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DOI：
10.3389/fonc.2013.00246
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发表时间：
2013-09-20
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Bannert N
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hohn O;Hanke K;Bannert N
具有感染生殖细胞能力的逆转录病毒可以成为宿主基因组的组成部分和遗传部分。大约8%的人类染色体DNA由逆转录病毒感染的序列组成，这些逆转录病毒可能在200万至4000万年前传播，有些元素实际上更古老。插入后重组、缺失和突变已使所有已知的人内源性逆转录病毒（HERV）无感染性。然而，一些，特别是最近获得的HERV-K（HML-2）家族的前病毒，可以表达病毒蛋白并产生病毒颗粒。在这篇综述中，我们将首先讨论内源化过程的主要方面和不同的HERV-K家族的特点。然后，我们将集中在HERV-K（HML-2）编码的基因和蛋白质，以及通过插入后突变和抗逆转录病毒因子抑制这些前病毒的失活。在描述宿主和内源性逆转录病毒之间的进化相互作用后，我们将深入研究目前对HERV-K及其与疾病，特别是肿瘤发生的可能关联的有限理解。
Retroviruses that have the ability to infect germ line cells can become an integral and inherited part of the host genome. About 8% of the human chromosomal DNA consists of sequences derived from infections by retroviruses that presumably circulated 2–40 millions of years ago, and some elements are actually much older. Post-insertional recombinations, deletions, and mutations have rendered all known human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) non-infectious. However some, particularly the most recently acquired proviruses of the HERV-K(HML-2) family, can expresses viral proteins and produce viral particles. In this review we will first discuss the major aspects of the endogenization process and peculiarities of the different HERV-K families. We will then focus on the genes and proteins encoded by HERV-K(HML-2) as well as inactivation of these proviruses by postinsertional mutations and their inhibition by antiretroviral factors. After describing the evolutionary interplay between host and endogenous retrovirus we will delve deeper into the currently limited understanding of HERV-K and its possible association with disease, particularly tumorigenesis.