Evaluation of four commercial tests for detecting ceftiofur in waste milk bulk tank samples
Evaluation of four commercial tests for detecting ceftiofur in waste milk bulk tank samples
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0224884
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发表时间：
2019-11-12
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Pereira, Richard, V
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Belmar, Marlene;Aly, Sharif;Pereira, Richard, V
本研究的目的是确定影响四种商业检测方法检测散装罐装废牛奶样品中头孢硫呋药物残留准确性的因素。WM样本来自加州12个奶牛场，最初使用液相色谱(LC-MS/MS)进行检测，以确认其药物残留超过FDA规定的耐受/安全水平的阴性状态。还对牛奶样本进行了脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖、非脂肪固体(SNF)、体细胞计数(SCC)、大肠菌群计数和标准平板计数(SPC)的检测。每个WM样品被分成两份，一份标记为药物残留阴性(WMN)，另一份添加头孢硫呋钠作为头孢硫呋残留阳性(WMPos)。对这两种类型的WM样品进行了测试，以评估4种商用测试的性能：Pzyme(R)牛奶测试、SNAP(R)β-内酰胺、BetaStar(R)Plus和Delvo SP-NT(R)。对每个WM样本进行三次WMN和WMPOS检测。用敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和阳性似然比进行评价。采用Kruskal-Wallis法评价乳品品质参数对真阳性(TP)和假阴性(FN)检测结果的影响。所有WMPOS样本都被所有四种测试确定为阳性，每种测试都表现出100%的敏感性。Pzyme、BetaStar、Delvo和SNAP试验的特异性分别为59.2、55.5、44.4和29.6。总体而言，所有检测都正确识别了含有头孢硫呋残留物(WMPos)的样品，如100%灵敏度所示。在不含任何药物残留的样品鉴定方面观察到更大的变异性，Pzyme和BetaStar正确鉴定TN样品的风险最高。我们的发现表明，当选择商业检测来检测西药中的药物残留时，如果目的是减少FP检测结果，则必须考虑牛奶质量参数。
The objective of this study was to identify factors affecting the accuracy of four commercial tests for ceftiofur drug residue in milk samples from bulk tank waste milk (WM). WM samples were collected from 12 California dairy farms which were initially tested using liquid chromatography (LC-MS/MS) to confirm their negative status for drug residues above the FDA established tolerance/safe levels. The milk samples were also tested for fat, protein, lactose, solids non-fat (SNF), somatic cell count (SCC), coliform count, and standard plate count (SPC). Each WM sample was divided into two aliquots, one labeled as negative for drug residues (WMN) and the second spiked with ceftiofur as positive for ceftiofur residues (WMPos). Both types of WM samples were tested to evaluate the performance of 4 commercially available tests: Penzyme (R) Milk Test, SNAP (R) beta-lactam, BetaStar (R) Plus and Delvo SP-NT (R). Three assays in triplicates for the WMN and WMPos were conducted for each WM sample. Test were evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and positive likelihood ratio. Kruskal-Wallis method was used to evaluate the effect of milk quality parameters on true positive (TP) and false negative (FN) test results. All WMPos samples were identified as positive by all four tests, rendering 100% sensitivity for each test. The specificity for Penzyme, BetaStar, Delvo, and SNAP tests were 59.2, 55.5, 44.4, and 29.6, respectively. Overall, all tests correctly identified samples with ceftiofur residues (WMPos), as shown by 100% sensitivity. Greater variability was observed regarding identification of samples free of any drug residue, with Penzyme and BetaStar having the highest risk for correctly identifying TN samples. Our findings indicate that when selecting commercial tests to detect drug residues in WM, milk quality parameters must be considered if the aim is to reduce FP test results.