Segregation, Civil Rights, and Health Disparities: The Legacy of African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1910-1968
Segregation, Civil Rights, and Health Disparities: The Legacy of African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1910-1968
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DOI：
10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30936-6
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发表时间：
2009-06-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Wynia, Matthew K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Washington, Harriet A.;Baker, Robert B.;Wynia, Matthew K.
在1910年至1968年期间，国家医学协会（NMA）多次与美国医学协会（AMA）发生冲突，后者组织的种族障碍和其他健康政策问题。NMA成立于1895年，是一个非排他性的医学协会，为被剥夺权利的黑人医生和病人提供发言权。在成立初期，NMA举步维艰，在此期间，AMA领导层很少注意到它。但随后发生了一些小冲突，比如在AMA的《美国医学目录》中侮辱种族标签，从1906年开始，NMA列出了所有美国医生，但用符号col指定了非洲裔美国人，NMA还一再要求AMA采取行动，反对在其组成的州和县协会中对黑人成员的公开种族歧视。在民权时代，非裔美国医生在寻求法律的补救措施以解决医院隔离问题时没有得到美国医学会的支持。NMA和AMA发现他们在其他政策问题上持反对态度，包括医疗补助和医疗保险。这些分歧最终引发了一系列直接对抗。例如，1965年在纽约市举行的美国医学协会会议就遭到了大约200名全国医学协会领导的纠察队员的抗议。NMA对医学种族平等的追求得到了其他一些医学组织的支持，如医学人权委员会。1966年，美国医学会众议院投票修订了美国医学会章程和细则，赋予其司法理事会（现为道德和司法事务理事会）调查歧视指控的权力。这为后来加强合作和理解的时代铺平了道路。
Between 1910 and 1968, the National Medical Association (NMA) repeatedly clashed with the American Medical Association (AMA) over the latter organization's racial bars to membership and other health policy issues. The NMA, founded in 1895 as a nonexclusionary medical society to provide a voice for disenfranchised black physicians and patients, struggled in its early years, during which AMA leadership took scant notice of it. But skirmishes ensued over such actions as stigmatizing racial labels in the AMA's American Medical Directory, which, beginning in 1906, listed all US physicians but designated African Americans with the notation col, The NMA also repeatedly asked the AMA to take action against overt racial bars on blacks' membership in its constituent state and county societies. During the civil rights era, African American physicians received no AMA support in seeking legal remedies to hospital segregation. And the NMA and AMA found themselves opposed on other policy issues, including Medicaid and Medicare. These differences eventually catalyzed a series of direct confrontations. The 1965 AMA meeting in New York City, for example, was protested by about 200 NMA-led picketers. The NMA's quest for racial equality in medicine was supported by some other medical organizations, such as the Medical Committee for Human Rights. In 1966, the AMA House voted to amend the AMA Constitution and Bylaws, giving its Judicial Council (now the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs) the authority to investigate allegations of discrimination. This paved the way for a subsequent era of increasing cooperation and understanding.