Show me the pragmatic contribution: a developmental investigation of contrastive inference*
Show me the pragmatic contribution: a developmental investigation of contrastive inference*
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让我看看实用主义的贡献：对比推理的发展研究*
DOI：
10.1017/s0305000913000263
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
I. Noveck
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Edmundo Kronmüller;T. Morisseau;I. Noveck
一个句子，如‘给我看大兔子’可能会产生对比推理，即冠词the和形容词Large允许听话者语用地推断具有相同名词的其他实体的存在(例如，一只小兔子)。衡量儿童进行语用推理能力的主要方法是通过测量错误检测的任务。我们认为，这类研究并不像人们可能认为的那样具有启发性，因为它们迫使儿童采取元语言立场，并且他们认为不恰当的检测等同于进行对比推理。为了解决这些担忧，我们开发了一种类似游戏的情景，在这种情景中，所有的话语都保持得体。此外，我们对揭示语用解释的回应和揭示对话语的语言编码意义的依赖(即缺乏对比推理)的回应进行了区分。对7岁儿童、10岁儿童和成年人进行的三项实验表明，语用解释在7岁儿童中不会出现，10岁儿童不会表现出成年人的表现，成年人也不会达到天花板。我们的结论是，对比推理是一个费力的过程，通过语言发现这种信息增益的能力随着年龄的增长而增加。
ABSTRACT An utterance such as ‘Show me the large rabbit’ potentially generates a contrastive inference, i.e., the article the and the adjective large allow listeners to pragmatically infer the existence of other entities having the same noun (e.g. a small rabbit). The primary way to measure children's ability to carry out this pragmatic inference has been through tasks that measure infelicity detection. We argue that such studies are not as revealing as one might assume because they force children to adopt a metalinguistic stance and they consider infelicity detection as tantamount to contrastive inference-making. To address these concerns, we develop a game-like situation in which all utterances remain felicitous. Moreover, we make a distinction between responses that are revealing of a pragmatic interpretation and responses that are revealing of a reliance on the utterance's linguistically encoded meaning (i.e., a lack of contrastive inference). Three experiments with seven-year-olds, ten-year-olds, and adults show that pragmatic interpretations do not emerge among seven-year-olds, that ten-year-olds do not show adult-like performance, and that adults are not at ceiling. We conclude that contrastive inference-making is an effortful process and that the ability to detect such gains-in-information through language increases with age.
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Jaeger, T. Florian
通讯作者：
Jaeger, T. Florian