Fisheries Subsidies, Sustainable Development and the WTO
Fisheries Subsidies, Sustainable Development and the WTO
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渔业补贴、可持续发展和世贸组织
DOI：
10.1093/erae/jbr018
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Franquesa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Franquesa
今年早些时候，编辑Anja von Moltke及其出版商Earthscan在联合国环境规划署（环境署）的支持下，出版了《渔业补贴、可持续发展和世贸组织》一书。这本书实际上是联合国环境规划署在过去10年中编写的一部长篇著作的汇编，内容涉及渔业活动中补贴与可持续性之间的复杂关系。目前，世界贸易组织（WTO）正在就渔业国家补贴问题展开大规模讨论。WTO正在评估补贴对国际贸易造成的扭曲。在这个问题上，过去20年来出现了众所周知的论点和反驳。在经济合作与发展组织（经合发组织）等论坛中也开展了这种讨论，这是受到最近就农业补贴问题进行的辩论的启发。这一讨论表明，在某些情况下，农业补贴对消费者产生负面影响，造成收入不平等或在某些产品中产生农业盈余。当然，并不是所有这些问题都能在“所有资助都是坏的”这句简单化的格言下得到解决，这句话减少了消除任何国家干预的每一个解决方案。我认为，目前的经济危机在关于国家行政部门作用的争论中提出了一些新的问题，需要采取一种比过去所设想的更复杂的新办法。在这方面，也许有必要考虑新的方面，如粮食安全、小农的作用、大型食品加工公司的作用、真实的进入国际市场、获得信贷或操纵价格（这不仅可以由国家行政部门强迫，也可以由私营公司强迫）。但是，渔业补贴的问题有一些额外的复杂性，而不仅仅是简单的讨论换位，
Earlier this year, Anja von Moltke, as Editor, and his publisher, Earthscan, with the support of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), released the book Fisheries Subsidies, Sustainable Development and the WTO. The book is actually a compilation of a long work developed by UNEP in the last 10 years about the complex relation between subsidies and sustainability in the fisheries activity. At present, the World Trade Organization (WTO) is developing a large discussion about the national subsidies in fisheries. The WTO is trying to evaluate the distortion produced by the subsidies on the international trade. On this question, well-known arguments and counter-arguments have been produced in the last 20 years. This discussion is being developed also in forums such as the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), inspired by the debate that took place in the recent past on the subject of agricultural subsidies. This discussion made it clear that in some cases the agricultural subsidies have negative effects on consumers, foster inequality of revenues or generate agricultural surpluses in some products. Of course, not all this is solved following the simplistic motto ‘all subventions are bad’, which reduces every solution to the removal of any national intervention. In my opinion, the present economic crisis introduces some additional questions in the controversies over the role of the national administrations and demands a new, more complex approach than that assumed in the past. In this line it is perhaps necessary to consider new aspects, such as food security, the role of small peasants, the role of large food-processing corporations, the real access to the international markets, the access to the credit or the manipulation of prices (that not only can be forced by national administrations, but also by private corporations). But the problem of subsidies in the case of fisheries has some additional complications, beyond the simple transposition of discussions that take