References and Notes Supporting Online Material Staphylococcus Aureus Panton-valentine Leukocidin Causes Necrotizing Pneumonia-猫眼课题宝

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D. W. B. C. Whitman;W. J. Coleman;Wiebe;S. J. Giovannoni;T. B. Britschgi;C. L. Moyer;K. G. Field;Schmidt;E. F. Delong;N. R. Pace;H A Barton;N. M. Taylor;B. Lubbers;A. C. Pemberton;I M Kauffmann;J. Schmitt;R. D. Schmid;Appl;J A Klappenbach;P. R. Saxman;J. R. Cole;T. M. Schmidt;G. F. Feng;R. F. Cho;Doolittle;Acad;Sci;H Ochman;S. Elwyn;N. A. Moran;Maria Labandeira-Rey;Florence Couzon;S. Boisset;Eric L. Brown;M. Bes;Y. Benito;E. Barbu;V. Vazquez;M. Höök;J. Etienne;F. Vandenesch;M Gabriela Bowden

并表明，对于任何两个微生物分离株，其注释栖息地的相似性（通过自动关键词比较来测量）与其进化相关性密切相关（图 2，B 和 C）。我们在很久以前就观察到了这种常见的栖息地偏好：即使是仅在分类顺序水平上相关的菌株，在相同的环境中仍然比随机的一对分离株更频繁地被发现（图2C）。因此，大多数微生物谱系在较长时间内仍与特定环境相关，并且在新环境中成功竞争似乎是罕见的事件。后者可能需要的不仅仅是获得一些基本功能；可能只有有限数量的功能足够自给自足，并提供足够的优势，以进行普遍转移（32）。对于大多数其他适应，可能需要对大多数蛋白质进行微调调节和/或细微变化。因为这是很难实现的，所以适应能力强的专家实际上在他们的环境中很少会受到挑战。这并不排除每个环境中都存在稀有非典型生物的“长尾”(33)，但大多数微生物分支似乎确实有一个首选的栖息地。综上所述，我们对复杂群落进行分类分析的替代方法具有足够的分辨率，可以揭示整个群落进化速率的差异，以及细菌进化枝的长期栖息地偏好。后者提出了地球上有多少不同的环境栖息地的问题——这个因素可能最终决定微生物生物多样性的真实范围。 35. 我们感谢 P. Dawyndt 提供了他的综合菌株数据库 (www.straininfo.net) 的早期版本，并感谢 Bork 团队成员进行了富有洞察力的讨论。金黄色葡萄球菌潘顿-瓦伦丁杀白细胞素 (PVL) 是一种成孔毒素，由流行病学上与当前社区相关耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (CA-MRSA) 爆发以及通常致命的坏死性肺炎相关的菌株分泌。为了研究PVL在肺部疾病中的作用，我们在小鼠急性肺炎模型中测试了临床分离株、同基因PVL阴性和PVL阳性金黄色葡萄球菌菌株以及纯化的PVL的致病性。在这里，我们证明 PVL 足以引起肺炎，并且这种白细胞毒素的表达会诱导编码分泌型和细胞壁锚定的葡萄球菌蛋白的基因转录水平的整体变化，包括肺炎症因子葡萄球菌蛋白 A (Spa)。许多毒力因子的联合作用使金黄色葡萄球菌能够引起疾病……

and show that for any two microbial isolates, the similarity of their annotated habitat (as measured by automated keyword comparisons) is strongly correlated to their evolutionary relatedness (Fig. 2, B and C). We observe such common habitat preferences surprisingly far back in time: Even strains related only at the level of taxonomic order are still significantly more frequently found in the same environment than a random pair of isolates (Fig. 2C). Thus, most microbial lineages remain associated with a certain environment for extended time periods, and successful competition in a new environment seems to be a rare event. The latter might require more than just the acquisition of a few essential functions; probably only a limited number of functionalities are self-sufficient enough, and provide sufficient advantage, to be pervasively transferred (32). For most other adaptations, fine-tuned regulation and/or subtle changes in the majority of proteins may be needed. Because this is difficult to achieve, well-adapted specialists might in fact rarely be challenged in their environment. This does not rule out the presence of a " long tail " of rare, atypical organisms in each environment (33), but most microbial clades do seem to have a preferred habitat. Taken together, our alternative approach of taxonomic profiling of complex communities has sufficient resolution to uncover differences in evolutionary rates of entire communities, as well as long-lasting habitat preferences for bacterial clades. The latter raises the question of how many distinct environmental habitats there are on Earth—a factor that might ultimately determine the true extent of microbial biodiversity. 35. We thank P. Dawyndt for providing an early version of his integrated strain database (www.straininfo.net), and members of the Bork team for insightful discussions. The Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a pore-forming toxin secreted by strains epidemiologically associated with the current outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and with the often-lethal necrotizing pneumonia. To investigate the role of PVL in pulmonary disease, we tested the pathogenicity of clinical isolates, isogenic PVL-negative and PVL-positive S. aureus strains, as well as purified PVL, in a mouse acute pneumonia model. Here we show that PVL is sufficient to cause pneumonia and that the expression of this leukotoxin induces global changes in transcriptional levels of genes encoding secreted and cell wall–anchored staphylococcal proteins, including the lung inflammatory factor staphylococcal protein A (Spa). T he combined actions of many virulence factors enable Staphylococcus aureus to cause disease …

References and Notes Supporting Online Material Staphylococcus Aureus Panton-valentine Leukocidin Causes Necrotizing Pneumonia

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