Self-medication as adaptive plasticity: increased ingestion of plant toxins by parasitized caterpillars.
Self-medication as adaptive plasticity: increased ingestion of plant toxins by parasitized caterpillars.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0004796
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Bernays EA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Singer MS;Mace KC;Bernays EA
自我药疗是一种针对疾病或寄生虫的特定治疗行为改变。到目前为止，关于自我药疗的实证文献完全集中在识别自我药疗的案例上，这些案例中特定的行为与治疗结果有关。在这项研究中，我们在适应性可塑性的更广泛的领域框架自我药疗，这提供了几个可测试的预测验证自我药疗和推进其概念意义。首先，自我药疗行为应该改善被寄生虫或病原体感染的动物的健康状况。第二，在没有感染的情况下，自我药疗行为会降低健康水平。三是感染应诱发自我药疗行为。少数严格的非人类动物自我药疗研究没有使用这个理论框架，因此没有测试在没有疾病或寄生虫的情况下自我药疗的健身成本。在这里，我们使用操纵实验来测试这些预测的觅食行为的羊毛熊毛虫（Grammia incorrupta;鳞翅目：Artiidae）在其致命的体内寄生虫（寄蝇）。我们的实验表明，植物毒素的摄入称为吡咯里西啶生物碱提高寄生毛虫的生存，赋予抵抗寄蝇。与理论预测一致，过量摄入这些毒素会降低未寄生毛虫的存活率。被寄生的毛虫比未被寄生的毛虫更有可能特异性地摄取大量的吡咯里西啶生物碱。这个案例挑战了传统的观点，即自我药疗行为仅限于具有高级认知能力的动物，如灵长类动物，并通过将其置于适应性可塑性理论的领域来赋予自我药疗科学。
Self-medication is a specific therapeutic behavioral change in response to disease or parasitism. The empirical literature on self-medication has so far focused entirely on identifying cases of self-medication in which particular behaviors are linked to therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we frame self-medication in the broader realm of adaptive plasticity, which provides several testable predictions for verifying self-medication and advancing its conceptual significance. First, self-medication behavior should improve the fitness of animals infected by parasites or pathogens. Second, self-medication behavior in the absence of infection should decrease fitness. Third, infection should induce self-medication behavior. The few rigorous studies of self-medication in non-human animals have not used this theoretical framework and thus have not tested fitness costs of self-medication in the absence of disease or parasitism. Here we use manipulative experiments to test these predictions with the foraging behavior of woolly bear caterpillars (Grammia incorrupta; Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in response to their lethal endoparasites (tachinid flies). Our experiments show that the ingestion of plant toxins called pyrrolizidine alkaloids improves the survival of parasitized caterpillars by conferring resistance against tachinid flies. Consistent with theoretical prediction, excessive ingestion of these toxins reduces the survival of unparasitized caterpillars. Parasitized caterpillars are more likely than unparasitized caterpillars to specifically ingest large amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. This case challenges the conventional view that self-medication behavior is restricted to animals with advanced cognitive abilities, such as primates, and empowers the science of self-medication by placing it in the domain of adaptive plasticity theory.
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