Saving Failed States: Sometimes a Neocolonialist Notion
Saving Failed States: Sometimes a Neocolonialist Notion
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拯救失败的国家：有时是新殖民主义的观念
DOI：
10.1017/s0272503700066258
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Gordon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Gordon
压抑的种族。当孟加拉“种族”因其“大众情结、排外性、怀疑和一种防御性的侵略性”而被诋毁时，西巴基斯坦人被视为“可能是世界上任何地方发现的最伟大的种族混合体”。正是这种“种族化”的“国家-民族”结构导致了1971年巴基斯坦军方对孟加拉人的种族灭绝和孟加拉国的分裂。国际法在两个层面上与这个故事有关。首先，国际法律的概念“民族”、“国家”和“自决”，使正式的“国家-国家”的建构成为必要，这在许多情况下是一个“种族化”的过程。第二，“主权”、“专属领土管辖权”和“不干涉内政”等国际法律的概念使伴随着建立“国家-民族”的残暴和压迫免遭批评和干预。“最后，对现代国际法的任何全面审查都必须考虑到殖民遭遇和帝国的持续关系。现代国际法是在现代性和现代世界体系的时空背景下发展起来的，而这两者又与殖民遭遇有着内在的联系。现代国际法的基本概念和范畴是为了促进帝国关系而形成的，在正式的非殖民化之后，它们帮助建立了后殖民国家，使内部文化统治和暴行成为可能。就种族与帝国关系和后殖民社会“国家-国家”的构建都有牵连而言，批判的种族观点对于现代国际法的研究不仅相关，而且不可或缺。
inhibitions of down-trodden races." While the Bengali "race" was disparaged for its "popular complexes, exclusiveness, suspicion and a sort of defensive aggressiveness," West Pakistanis were seen as "probably the greatest mixture of races found anywhere in the world." It was this "race-ed" construction of a "state-nation" that culminated in the 1971 genocide of Bengalis by the Pakistani military and the secession of Bangladesh. International law is implicated in this story at two levels. First, international legal concepts of "nationhood," "statehood," and "self-determination," necessitate construction of official "state-nations," which in many situations is a "race-ed" process. Second, international legal concepts of "sovereignty," "exclusive territorial jurisdiction" and "noninterference in internal affairs" shield from critique and intervention the brutality and oppression that accompanies the building of "state-nations." To conclude, any comprehensive examination of modern international law must take account of die colonial encounter and the continuing relationship of empire. Modern international law grew in the temporal and spatial context of modernity and the modern world system, both of which, in turn, are inherently connected with the colonial encounter. Foundational concepts and categories of modern international law were forged to facilitate relationships of empire, and following formal decolonization they helped constitute postcolonial states in forms that enable internal cultural domination and brutality. To the extent that race is implicated both in the relationship of empire and in the construction of "state-nations" in postcolonial societies, critical race perspectives are not just relevant but indispensable to the study of modern international law.