Cranial evidence for the presence of a second endemic elephant species on Cyprus

Cranial evidence for the presence of a second endemic elephant species on Cyprus
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塞浦路斯存在第二种特有大象物种的颅骨证据

DOI:
10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.065
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发表时间:
2015
影响因子:
2.2
通讯作者:
Athanassiou A
Athanassiou A
中科院分区:
地球科学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Athanassiou A

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塞浦路斯是地中海东部最大的岛屿,在更新世至全新世早期,拥有高度贫困的地方性哺乳动物群。这是由于其形成以来极端的地理隔离,这阻止了大多数陆地哺乳动物的移民,除了那些明显的海洋通道穿越能力。主要的动物区系元素是非常矮小的小马齿象,通常在岛上的许多地点都能找到,还有矮小的古象。后者是一种非常小的大象物种,与Siculo-MaltesePalaeoloxodon falconeri的大小相当。上个世纪零星发现的更大的牙齿标本提出了塞浦路斯可能也存在第二种比塞浦路斯大象更大的特有象的可能性。在这里,我们描述了最近在塞浦路斯东南部的Xylophágou沿海地区挖掘出的头骨,它提供了证据,证明岛上确实存在两种大象。最大的物种是Palaeoloxodon xylophagoun。sp.,仍然非常矮小,其特征是细长,低而宽的头骨,分叉的牙槽和相对较大的臼齿。齿列明显大于塞浦路斯P. cypriotes和接近Palaeoloxodon tiliensis,但头骨大小介于P. tiliensi和P. falconeri之间。这两种塞浦路斯大象物种都表现出与它们可能的祖先Palaeoloxodon antiquus的形态相似性。地层学数据表明,P. xylophagou是较老的(中更新世晚期),而P. cypriotes是较新的(更新世晚期至全新世早期),可能是前者的后裔,或者-不太可能-是一个单独的,更近的殖民事件的结果。
Cyprus, the largest Eastern Mediterranean island, hosted a highly impoverished endemic mammalian fauna during the Pleistocene to early Holocene times. This was a result of its extreme biogeographic isolation since its formation, which prevented the immigration of most terrestrial mammals, except for those with apparent sea channel crossing abilities. The main faunal elements are the extremely dwarfed hippoPhanourios minor, commonly found in many sites across the island, and the dwarf elephantPalaeoloxodon cypriotes. The latter is a very small-sized elephant species, comparable in size with the Siculo-MaltesePalaeoloxodon falconeri. Larger dental specimens found sporadically during the last century, raised the possibility that a second endemic elephant, larger thanP. cypriotes, may have also existed in Cyprus. Here we describe a skull recently excavated in the coastal area of Xylophágou, SE Cyprus, which provides evidence that, indeed, two elephant species have existed on the island. The larger species,Palaeoloxodon xylophagoun. sp., is still strongly dwarfed and characterised by elongated, low and wide skull, diverging tusk alveoli and comparatively large molars. Dimensionally the dentition is distinctly larger thanP. cypriotesand close toPalaeoloxodon tiliensis, though the skull size is intermediate betweenP. tiliensisandP. falconeri. Both Cypriot elephant species exhibit morphological affinities withPalaeoloxodon antiquus, which is their probable ancestor. Stratigraphic data suggest thatP. xylophagouis older (late Middle Pleistocene), whileP. cypriotesis more recent (latest Pleistocene to early Holocene) and may have descended from the former or – less probably – evolved as a result of a separate, more recent colonisation event.
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