Sustainable Conservation of UNESCO and Other Heritage Sites Through Proactive Geosciences
Sustainable Conservation of UNESCO and Other Heritage Sites Through Proactive Geosciences
复制标题
通过积极主动的地球科学对教科文组织和其他遗产地进行可持续保护
DOI：
10.1007/978-3-031-13810-2_16
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Abbas A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Abbas A
古埃及留下了众多的地标，如金字塔，寺庙，雕像，坟墓分布沿着尼罗河沿岸，其中大多数是宝贵的人造考古宝藏。它们被放置在独特的考古遗址上，并存活了几千年，越来越多地受到地下水位上升、土壤成分和地下水流的破坏，这些水流对它们的基础和结构完整性产生了破坏性影响。大部分的变化发生在过去的几个世纪，原因是集约化农业，灌溉计划，气候变化，城市化发展，下水道系统故障以及周围地区环境和土壤条件的变化。特别是，密集灌溉，增加种植园和考古遗址附近排水网络的不足是最重大的风险，也是过去50年来记录的地下结构恶化的主要原因。由于地下水中含有大量溶解的盐，这些盐与地下基地发生化学反应并影响地下基地，这一问题变得更加严重。在干燥的季节，水分蒸发，凝结的盐结晶并产生多个小孔，长时间暴露后，导致石块解体。近几十年来，地球物理研究成为考古遗址底土和水文地质条件诊断调查以及绘制地下结构和水流图的关键。几种地球物理技术被用作非侵入性方法，以生成用于地下水管理和确定缓解和排水计划的多个数据集。本文提供了一个详细的实证研究，使用基本的地球物理学方法和应用程序在埃及的三个主要考古遗址具有独特的地下水威胁和环境条件和预防计划。其中包括狮身人面像-吉萨、Kom Ombo Temple-Aswan和Hawara Pyramid-Fayoum。三种地球物理方法已被用于突出地下水流的特点和影响，并提供了一个路线图，在每种情况下的解决方案和排水计划。
Ancient Egypt left behind numerous landmarks such as pyramids, temples, statues, tombs spread along the shores of the River Nile, most of which are invaluable man-made archaeological treasures. Placed at uniquely chosen archaeological sites and having survived several millennia, they are increasingly devastated by the rising water table, soil composition, and subsurface water flows that have a destructive impact on their foundations and structural integrity. Much of that change took place over the past few centuries due to intensive farming, irrigation plans, climate change, growing urbanization, malfunctioning sewer systems, and changing environmental and soil conditions in the surrounding areas. In particular, intense irrigation, increasing plantation and deficiency of the drainage networks in the vicinity of the archaeological sites are the most significant risks and a major cause for recorded deterioration of subsurface structures across the past fifty years. The problem has been exasperated by rising groundwater containing high dissolved salts that chemically interact with and affect subsurface bases. In dry seasons water evaporates, condensed salt crystallizes and creates multiple pore holes that, following prolonged exposure, cause stone blocks to disintegrate. Geophysical studies emerged, in recent decades, as critical for the diagnostic investigation of subsoil and hydrogeological conditions of archaeological sites and mapping subsurface structures and water flows. Several geophysical techniques are used as non-intrusive methods to generate multiple datasets for underground water management and determining mitigation and dewatering plans. This paper provides a detailed empirical study using essential geophysics methods and applications for three major archaeological sites in Egypt with distinctive groundwater threats and environmental conditions and prevention plans. These include Sphinx-Giza, Kom Ombo Temple-Aswan and Hawara Pyramid-Fayoum. Three geophysical methods have been used to highlight the characteristics of underground water flows and impact and provided a roadmap for solutions and dewatering plans in each case.