Status, testosterone, and human intellectual performance: Stereotype threat as status concern
Status, testosterone, and human intellectual performance: Stereotype threat as status concern
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DOI：
10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01435
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发表时间：
2003-03-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Beer, JM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Josephs, RA;Newman, ML;Beer, JM
两项实验的结果表明，刻板印象威胁效应是涉及维持或增强地位的需要的更一般过程的特例。我们假设，能够确认绩效刻板印象的情况可能代表对地位的威胁或提高地位的机会，具体取决于刻板印象的性质。基线睾酮和状态敏感性之间的正相关关系使我们假设，当基于性别的数学表现刻板印象被激活时，男性和女性的高睾酮水平会放大现有的表现期望。在研究 1 中，当负面表现刻板印象被激发时，高睾酮女性在数学测试中表现不佳。在研究 2 中，当积极的表现刻板印象被激发时，高睾酮男性在数学测试中表现出色。睾丸激素对表现的调节作用表明，与刻板印象相关的情况能够使刻板印象的目标失去或获得地位。
Results from two experiments suggest that stereotype-threat effects are special cases of a more general process involving the need to maintain or enhance status. We hypothesized that situations capable of confirming a performance stereotype might represent either a threat to status or an opportunity for enhancement of status, depending on the nature of the stereotype. The positive relationship between baseline testosterone and status sensitivity led us to hypothesize that high testosterone levels in males and females would amplify existing performance expectations when gender-based math-performance stereotypes were activated. In Study 1, high-testosterone females performed poorly on a math test when a negative performance stereotype was primed. In Study 2, high-testosterone males excelled on a math test when a positive performance stereotype was primed. The moderating effect of testosterone on performance suggests that a stereotype-relevant situation is capable of conferring either a loss or a gain of status on targets of the stereotype.