Uranium
Uranium
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-012369413-3/50100-2
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Fowler, Bruce A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Keith, L. Samuel;Faroon, Obaid M.;Fowler, Bruce A.
铀是一种具有化学和放射性特性的元素，使其在工业和商业中很有用，但在足够高的浓度下对人类和环境有毒。有多种分析方法可用于确定各种介质中铀的存在、浓度或数量。这些证实了它存在于周围空气、水和土壤中，因此可以保证人类接触它。其 100 多种矿物形态中，至少有 7 种在世界各地被发现处于可开采水平，主要生产国位于加拿大、俄罗斯、乌克兰、澳大利亚和中非。开采铀主要是为了获取 U-235 同位素。浓缩过程调整三种天然同位素（U-234、U-235、U- 和 238）的比例以产生两种馏分。 U-235比例增加的一种是浓缩铀，是核反应堆和武器的能源生产来源。剩余部分为贫化 U-235，称为贫铀 (DU)。除了能源生产外，铀还用于一系列产品，包括玻璃着色剂、陶瓷釉料、陀螺仪轮、化学催化剂、高强度放射源防护罩、X射线管靶和军用动能侵彻弹药。铀是一种无处不在的物质，人们不断地接触空气、水和食物中的铀以及它发出的辐射。从水和食物中的摄入量大约为 0.9-1.5 微克/天，具体取决于水源（地下水较高）或饮食类型（牛肉、牛肾、洋葱、芹菜和盐较高，但家禽、果汁、罐装蔬菜和乳制品较低。空气浓度通常较低。人类接触量最高的是铀研磨和生产行业，最大的环境修复挑战来自大量研磨人类接触包括吸入和摄入（或者最近的军事碎片伤口），铀吸收率较低（0.2-）。
Uranium is an element with chemical and radiological properties that have made it useful in industry and commerce but toxic at sufficiently high levels to humans and the environment. Various analytical methods are available to determine the presence, concentration, or quantity of uranium in a range of media. These confirm its presence in ambient air, water, and soil, so human exposure is assured. At least seven of its more than 100 mineral forms are found at mineable levels in various parts of the world, and the primary producers are in Canada, Russia, Ukraine, Australia, and Central Africa. Uranium is mined primarily for the U-235 isotope. The process of enrichment adjusts the ratio of the three natural isotopes (U-234,U- 235,U- and 238) to produce two fractions. The one with an increased proportion of U-235 is enriched uranium and the source of energy production for nuclear reactors and weapons. The remaining portion is depleted in U-235 and termed depleted uranium (DU). Apart from energy production, uranium is used in a range of products that include glass tinting agents, ceramic glazes, gyroscope wheels, chemical catalysts, shields for high-intensity radioactive sources, X-ray tube targets, and military kinetic penetrator munitions. Uranium is such a ubiquitous substance that individuals are continually exposed to it in air, water, and food, as well as to the radiation it emits. Intake from water and food each approximate 0.9-1.5 mu g/day, with this being variable on the basis of the source of water (higher in ground water) or type of diet (higher in beef, beef kidney, onions, parley, and salt, but lower in poultry, fruit juices, canned vegetables, and dairy products. Air concentrations are normally low. The highest human exposures are in the uranium milling and production industries, with the greatest environmental remediation challenge coming from large volumes of mill tailings. Human exposure involves inhalation and ingestion (or more recently, military fragment wounds). Uranium absorption is low (0.2-