Casualty Evacuation in Korea, 1950-53: The British Experience.
Casualty Evacuation in Korea, 1950-53: The British Experience.
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DOI：
10.13081/kjmh.2023.32.503
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发表时间：
2023-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
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中科院分区：
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--
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朝鲜战争是第一次广泛使用直升机进行伤员后送的冲突，但当时直升机对医疗后送的贡献存在争议。一方面，由于直升机运输，许多情况无疑得以幸存;另一方面，撤离的伤亡比例似乎很小，难以准确确定。本文以英国军队为案例研究，更密切地关注韩国的伤员后送安排，评估直升机在后送系统的其他要素及其整体运作中的作用。文章分为几个部分。第一部分考察了韩国医疗系统的指挥结构，这种结构可以追溯到日本的医院。它显示了英国军队的医疗支援是如何与其他英联邦军队的医疗支援紧密结合的。委员会指出，迅速和有效的一体化是医疗后送成功的一个主要因素，因为它使想法和设备易于分享，并因为它培养了合作精神。本节还强调，所有英联邦高级医务官员都曾在第二世界服务，这是有利于融合的一个因素。第二部分概述了日本从前线到医院的后送链。它描述了链条上沿着不同医疗机构的职能以及它们是如何连接的。除其他事项外，它显示了如何链为英国和英联邦军队与医疗单位的美国，如移动的陆军外科医院和医院列车。在文章的第三部分，有一个详细的检查直升机撤离，描述它是如何安排的，它的局限性是什么，什么类型的伤亡被疏散。它估计了通过这种方式撤离的伤亡人数比例。第四和第五部分强调了指挥决策在疏散系统有效运行中的重要性。第四部分集中讨论轻微病例先期治疗制度的演变，探讨疾病和其他非战斗伤亡带来的挑战。文章的第五部分也是最后一部分描述了整个后送系统是如何运作的，包括除了直升机之外用来运送伤病员的不同手段。它强调这些不同要素之间协调的重要性，并特别强调无线通信的价值。这篇文章的结论是，在韩国，伤员后送的成功与其说取决于任何单一的运输方法，不如说取决于有效的指挥和控制。在这方面，撤离链各组成单位之间的沟通以及英国和其他联合国部队之间的合作至关重要。同样重要，甚至更重要的是决定执行一项对疾病和轻伤进行前瞻性治疗的政策。如果没有这样的政策，疏散路线将不可避免地变得拥挤，对伤亡人员的存活率产生不利影响。这一政策吸取了两次世界大战的教训，这些教训在医疗指挥官的头脑中仍然比较新鲜。虽然远不如直升机的出现那么引人注目，但联军战争的先验知识和对大规模伤亡的处理对医疗成功至关重要。如果说朝鲜战争给我们这个时代带来了什么教训的话，那很可能就是这个。
The Korean War was the first conflict in which helicopters were used extensively for casualty evacuation but their contribution to medical evacuation at that time is disputed. On the one hand, many cases undoubtedly survived because of helicopter transportation; on the other, the proportion of casualties evacuated appears to have been small and difficult to determine precisely. Taking the British army as a case study, this article looks more closely at arrangements for casualty evacuation in Korea, assessing the role of helicopters in relation to other elements of the evacuation system and its operation as a whole. The article is divided into several sections. The first examines the command structure of the medical system in Korea, which extended as far back as hospitals in Japan. It shows how medical support for British forces was closely integrated with that of other Commonwealth forces. It notes that rapid and effective integration was a major factor in the success of medical evacuation because it allowed ideas and equipment to be shared easily and because it fostered a spirit of cooperation. This section also highlights the Second World service of all senior Commonwealth medical officers as a factor conducive to integration. The second section provides an overview of the chain of evacuation from the frontline to hospitals in Japan. It describes the functions of the different medical institutions along the chain and how they were connected. Among other things, it shows how the chain for British and Commonwealth troops intersected with medical units of the United States such as Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals and hospital trains. In the third section of the article, there is a detail examination of evacuation by helicopter, describing how it was arranged, what its limitations were, and what types of casualty were evacuated. It estimates the proportion of casualties that were evacuated by this means. The fourth and fifth sections highlight the importance of command decisions in the effective working of the evacuation system. The fourth concentrates on the evolution of a system of forward treatment of minor cases, looking at the challenge posed by disease and other non-battle casualties. The fifth and final section of the article describes how the system of evacuation functioned as a whole, including the different means used to carry the sick and wounded in addition to helicopters. It stresses the importance of coordination between these different elements and places particular emphasis on the value of wireless communications. The article concludes that the success of casualty evacuation in Korea depended less on any single method of transportation than on effective command and control. In this respect, communication between constituent units of the evacuation chain and cooperation between British and other UN forces was crucial. Of equal and perhaps even greater importance was the decision to implement a policy of forward treatment of sickness and minor injuries. Without such a policy, the lines of evacuation would inevitably have become congested, having a detrimental effect on casualty survival rates. This policy drew on the lessons of the two world wars which were still relatively fresh in the minds of medical commanders. Although far less striking than the advent of the helicopter, prior knowledge of coalition warfare and the handling of mass casualties was crucial to medical success. If there is a lesson to be learned from the Korean War for own times, it is probably this.
影响因子：
3.4
作者：
Barr, Justin;Montgomery, Sean
通讯作者：
Montgomery, Sean
影响因子：
0.7
作者：
Fitzpatrick, K. Meghan
通讯作者：
Fitzpatrick, K. Meghan
影响因子：
1.2
作者：
Driscoll, RS
通讯作者：
Driscoll, RS