Who wins in the status games? Violence, sexual violence, and an emerging single standard among adolescent women
Who wins in the status games? Violence, sexual violence, and an emerging single standard among adolescent women
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DOI：
10.1196/annals.1385.001
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Curtain, Saundra
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Krauss, Beatrice J.;O'Day, Joanne;Curtain, Saundra
纵观美国历史，女性改变性行为是为了回应或影响经济、政治和法律的需要;为了保持健康;为了促进新的关系、身份或职业道路;为了维护一套价值观;由于新的生殖技术;或者为了获得地位。在适应压力或目标的过程中，妇女并不总是为了自己的健康、身份或地位而采取行动，或者能够采取行动。正如本文将展示的那样，从短期或长期来看，妇女可能会试图以牺牲健康等其他价值为代价来保持地位。这可能是通过有意识的和批判性的选择，或者通过对相对较大的力量的反应而不太有意识的过程，这些力量的影响尚未得到批判性的分析。随着20世纪80年代在美国意识到一种紧急和不可治愈的性传播感染，艾滋病毒，人们预计可能会出现一种新的性谨慎。然而，在20世纪90年代末和进入21世纪世纪的几个研究项目中，当我们的研究小组采访了纽约市一个艾滋病毒血清阳性率高的社区的年轻人关于艾滋病毒预防的问题时，我们开始听说，有相当一部分年轻男女参与了社会环境中的性行为，这些性行为（1）使年轻人面临感染艾滋病毒的风险;（2）似乎是为了获得地位（“道具”、“点数”）;（3）在这些地位游戏中，女性几乎没有获胜的途径。我们估计，从一个随机的住宅单元样本，约八分之一的青年已经在这些设置和他们中的一半参加了危险的性行为，在这样的设置。这些环境的特点往往是男性对性接触的公开态度，是围绕男性的地位维护组织的，并证明了年轻男性和女性参与者都不太了解的同龄人压力。为了重新获得地位，一些女性参与者采取了更具男性特征的态度。
Throughout U.S. history, women have changed their sexual behaviors in response to, or as actors affecting, economic, political, and legal imperatives; to preserve health; to promote new relationship, identity or career paths; to assert a set of values; as a result of new reproductive technologies; or to gain status. In adjusting to pressures or goals, women have not always acted, or been able to act, in the interests of their own health, identity, or status. As this article will demonstrate, women, in the short or long run, may attempt to preserve status at the cost of other values such as health. This may occur through conscious and critical choice or through less conscious processes in reaction to relatively larger forces whose impact has not been critically analyzed. With the awareness in the 1980s in the United States of an emergent and incurable sexually transmissible infection, HIV, it would have been anticipated that a new sexual caution may have appeared. Yet, across several research projects in the late 1990s and into the 21st century, as our research team interviewed youth in a high HIV seroprevalence neighborhood in New York City about HIV prevention, we began to hear that a substantial minority of young women and men were participating in social settings for sexual behavior that (1) put youth at risk for HIV; (2) appeared to be motivated by acquisition of status ("props," "points"); and (3) offered few ways for women to win in these status games. We estimate from one random dwelling unit sample that about one in eight youth have been present in these settings and half of them have participated in risky sexual behavior in such settings. The settings are often characterized by men's publicly offhand attitudes toward sexual encounters, are organized around men's status maintenance, and evidence peer pressures that are poorly understood by both young men and women participants. To regain status, some women participants have adopted attitudes more characteristic of men.