Priority and emerging flame retardants in rivers: Occurrence in water and sediment, Daphnia magna toxicity and risk assessment
Priority and emerging flame retardants in rivers: Occurrence in water and sediment, Daphnia magna toxicity and risk assessment
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.011
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发表时间：
2013-09-01
影响因子：
11.8
通讯作者：
Lacorte, Silvia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cristale, Joyce;Garcia Vazquez, Alejandro;Lacorte, Silvia
对8种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、9种新溴化物(NBFR)和10种有机磷阻燃剂(OPFR)在西班牙3条河流(纳隆、阿尔加和贝索斯)中的存在、分配和风险进行了评价。OPERS是水和沉积物中普遍存在的污染物(Sigma PfRs在0.0076-7.2u g L-1之间)和沉积物(Sigma OPERS在3.8m u g kg-1到824u g kg(-1)之间)。在水体中未检测到溴化阻燃剂，而受影响最严重的比索斯河沉积物中的西格玛多溴联苯醚(Sigma PBDEs)范围为88至812微克公斤(-1)，十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)达到435微克公斤(-1)。河流水和沉积物中阻燃剂的出现显然与人类活动有关，因为阻燃剂最高水平出现在城市和工业区附近以及污水处理厂排放之后。对最普遍存在的阻燃剂OPERS进行了大型水蚤的毒性试验，考虑了单独的化合物和混合物。9种受试OPERS的毒性在不同化合物之间差异很大，EC50值在三个数量级(03 1-381 mg L-1)之间变化。结果表明，这些化合物具有非极性麻醉作用，因为它们的毒性与其亲脂性(K-ow)成正比。此外，它们的联合毒性是相加的，这意味着可以使用定量结构活性关系(QSAR)和预测混合模型来预测单一和联合毒性。基于这些结果，进行了考虑联合影响的风险评估，计算并汇总了水样和底泥样品的风险商(RQs)。对D.Magna(Sigma RQs)没有重大风险
The occurrence, partitioning and risk of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), nine new brominated (NBFRs) and ten organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) were evaluated in three Spanish rivers suffering different anthropogenic pressures (Nalon, Arga and Besos). OPERs were ubiquitous contaminants in water (Sigma PFRs ranging from 0.0076 to 7.2 mu g L-1) and sediments (Sigma OPERs ranging 3.8 to 824 mu g kg(-1)). Brominated flame retardants were not detected in waters, whereas Sigma PBDEs ranged from 88 to 812 mu g kg(-1) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) reached 435 mu g kg(-1) in sediments from the River Besos, the most impacted river. The occurrence of flame retardants in river water and sediment was clearly associated with human activities, since the highest levels occurred near urban and industrial zones and after wastewater treatment plants discharge. Daphnia magna toxicity was carried out for OPERs, the most ubiquitous flame retardants, considering individual compounds and mixtures. Toxicity of nine tested OPERs differed largely among compounds, with EC50 values ranging over three magnitude orders (031-381 mg L-1). Results evidenced that these compounds act by non-polar narcosis, since their toxicity was proportional to their lipophilicity (K-ow). Furthermore, their joint toxicity was additive, which means that single and joint toxicity can be predicted knowing their concentration levels in water using quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) and predictive mixture models. Based on these results, a risk assessment considering joint effect was performed calculating and summing risk quotients (RQs) for the water and sediment samples. No significant risk to D. magna (Sigma RQs