Macrophage activation and polarization
Macrophage activation and polarization
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DOI：
10.2741/2692
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Locati, Massimo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Martinez, Fernando Oneissi;Sica, Antonio;Locati, Massimo
巨噬细胞是广泛分布的免疫系统细胞，在体内平衡和防御中发挥不可或缺的作用。它们可以通过微环境进行表型极化，以安装特定的功能程序。极化的巨噬细胞可大致分为两大类：经典活化的巨噬细胞（或M1），其原型活化刺激物是IFN γ和LPS，以及可选活化的巨噬细胞（或M2），其进一步细分为M2 a（暴露于IL-4或IL-13后）、M2 b（与IL-1 β或LPS组合的免疫复合物）和M2 c（IL-10、TGF β或糖皮质激素）。M1表现出有效的杀微生物特性，并促进强烈的IL-12介导的Th 1应答，而M2支持Th 2相关的效应子功能。在感染之外，M2极化的巨噬细胞通过高内源性清除能力和营养因子合成，伴随着促炎细胞因子分泌减少，在炎症消退中发挥作用。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）也发挥类似的功能，其也显示出替代样活化表型并发挥有害的促肿瘤作用。本文就极化巨噬细胞的主要功能作一综述，并对该领域的研究前景作一展望。
Macrophages are widely distributed immune system cells that play an indispensable role in homeostasis and defense. They can be phenotypically polarized by the microenvironment to mount specific functional programs. Polarized macrophages can be broadly classified in two main groups: classically activated macrophages (or M1), whose prototypical activating stimuli are IFNgamma and LPS, and alternatively activated macrophages (or M2), further subdivided in M2a (after exposure to IL-4 or IL-13), M2b (immune complexes in combination with IL-1beta or LPS) and M2c (IL-10, TGFbeta or glucocorticoids). M1 exhibit potent microbicidal properties and promote strong IL-12-mediated Th1 responses, whilst M2 support Th2-associated effector functions. Beyond infection M2 polarized macrophages play a role in resolution of inflammation through high endocityc clearance capacities and trophic factor synthesis, accompanied by reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Similar functions are also exerted by tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which also display an alternative-like activation phenotype and play a detrimental pro-tumoral role. Here we review the main functions of polarized macrophages and discuss the perpectives of this field.