Arsenic - Exposure Sources, Health Risks, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
Arsenic - Exposure Sources, Health Risks, and Mechanisms of Toxicity
复制标题
砷 - 暴露来源、健康风险和毒性机制
DOI：
10.1002/9781118876992.ch2
复制
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Polya D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Polya D
本章概述了地下水和土壤中砷危害的分布、性质和来源。本文简要总结了这些水库对人类的主要暴露途径。本章着重于地下水中砷的生物地球化学，特别是在亚洲环喜马拉雅低地的浅层含水层中。它强调更一般的理论概念，然后用具体的例子来说明它们。在全球范围内，土壤中的砷浓度主要受气候依赖的风化过程以及下伏岩石的组成和矿物学控制。然而，在局部地区，由于人为过程的污染，包括除草剂的使用、采矿、冶炼和其他工业活动，浓度可能偏离地质浓度一个数量级。人为向大气输送的砷主要来自铜、铅和锌冶炼厂的排放、煤炭燃烧和除草剂的使用，森林砍伐和草原燃烧的贡献较小。
This chapter outlines the distribution, nature, and origins of arsenic hazards in groundwaters and soils. It briefly summarizes the major exposure routes from these reservoirs to humans. The chapter focuses on the biogeochemistry of arsenic in groundwater, particularly in, shallow aquifers in the lowlands of circum‐Himalayan Asia. It emphasizes more generic theoretical concepts and then illustrates them with specific examples. Arsenic concentrations in soils are, on a global scale, largely controlled by climate dependent weathering processes and the composition and mineralogy of the underlying rock. Locally, however, concentrations may deviate from geogenic concentrations by an order of magnitude as a result of contamination from anthropogenic processes, including applications of herbicides, mining, smelting, and other industrial activities. Anthropogenic fluxes of arsenic to the atmosphere are dominated by emissions from copper, lead, and zinc smelters, coal combustion, and herbicide use, with lesser contributions arising from deforestation and burning of grasslands.