The validity of the super-particle approximation during planetesimal formation

The validity of the super-particle approximation during planetesimal formation
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星子形成过程中超粒子近似的有效性

DOI:
10.1051/0004-6361/200912870
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发表时间:
2010
影响因子:
6.5
通讯作者:
Rein H
Rein H
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Rein H

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原行星盘中行星体的形成机制一直备受争议。目前,最受欢迎的模型包括在湍流盘中积累米级大小的物体,然后是引力不稳定阶段。充其量,人们可以在数字上模拟几百万个粒子,而不是真正的原行星盘中预计的几万亿米大小的粒子。因此,单个粒子经常被用作超粒子,以表示许多较小粒子的分布。假设小尺度现象不起作用,粒子碰撞不被模拟。超粒子近似在应用于小行星形成时并不总是有效的,因为该系统可能是边缘碰撞的(量级为每个粒子每个轨道一次碰撞)。超粒子近似只能在无碰撞或强碰撞系统中有效,尽管在最近的许多数值模拟中情况并非如此。
在这项工作中,我们给出了通过引力不稳定性形成小行星的数值模拟的新结果。研究了一种不需要使用超粒子的标度系统。为了计算的实用性和重要过程的正确识别,对该系统进行了简化:1)在局部剪切盒中研究颗粒的演化;2)假设背景剪切流不变,直接求解颗粒之间的相互作用,如重力、物理碰撞和气体阻力,而不需要颗粒的任何反馈。我们发现,如果标度粒子的性质被选择成使得系统中所有重要的时间尺度都与真实的原行星盘中的预期相等,那么标度粒子可以用来对聚集的初始阶段进行建模。给出了实现数值收敛所需粒子数的约束条件。
我们将这种新方法与标准的超粒子方法进行了比较。我们发现,超粒子方法产生的结果不可靠,依赖于人工制品,如引力塌缩要求和由此产生的团块统计中的重力软化。我们的结果表明,必须对短程相互作用(碰撞)进行适当的建模。
The formation mechanism of planetesimals in protoplanetary discs is hotly debated. Currently, the favoured model involves the accumulation of meter-sized objects within a turbulent disc, followed by a phase of gravitational instability. At best, one can simulate a few million particles numerically as opposed to the several trillion meter-sized particles expected in a real protoplanetary disc. Therefore, single particles are often used as super-particles to represent a distribution of many smaller particles. It is assumed that small-scale phenomena do not play a role and particle collisions are not modelled. The super-particle approximation is not always valid when applied to planetesimal formation because the system can be marginally collisional (of order one collision per particle per orbit). The super-particle approximation can only be valid in a collisionless or strongly collisional system, although, in many recent numerical simulations this is not the case.
In this work, we present new results from numerical simulations of planetesimal formation via gravitational instability. A scaled system is studied that does not require the use of super-particles. This system is simplified for computational practicality and proper identification of important processes: 1) the evolution of particles is studied in a local shearing box; 2) the particle-particle interactions such as gravity, physical collisions, and gas drag are solved directly assuming a constant background shear flow without any feedback from the particles. We find that the scaled particles can be used to model the initial phases of clumping if the properties of the scaled particles are chosen such that all important timescales in the system are equivalent to what is expected in a real protoplanetary disc. Constraints are given for the number of particles needed in order to achieve numerical convergence. 
We compare this new method to the standard super-particle approach. We find that the super-particle approach produces unreliable results that depend on artifacts such as the gravitational softening in both the requirement for gravitational collapse and the resulting clump statistics. Our results show that short-range interactions (collisions) have to be modelled properly.
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