Application of POCIS for exposure assessment of munitions constituents during constant and fluctuating exposure
Application of POCIS for exposure assessment of munitions constituents during constant and fluctuating exposure
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POCIS 在恒定和波动暴露期间弹药成分暴露评估中的应用
DOI：
10.1002/etc.2836
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
G. Rosen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Belden;G. Lotufo;J. Biedenbach;Kristal K. Sieve;G. Rosen
本研究探讨了极性有机化学综合采样器（POCIS）在弹药成分暴露评估中的潜在用途，包括2，4，6-三硝基甲苯（TNT）和六氢-1，3，5-三硝基-1，3，5-三嗪（RDX）及其分解产物（氨基二硝基甲苯[ADNT]、二氨基硝基甲苯[DANT]和六氢-1，3，5-三亚硝基-1，3，5-三嗪[TNX]）。对于“农药”POCIS配置，观察到吸收后吸附剂相的弹药成分损失，但对于“药物”配置则没有观察到。因此，选择后者进行进一步调查。在恒定暴露条件下，TNT，ADNTs，DANT，RDX和阿特拉津（一种常见的环境污染物）以线性速率累积至少14 d，采样率在34 mL/d和215 mL/d之间。当POCIS暴露于波动的浓度时，分析物累积值与恒定暴露期间发现的值相似，表明采样器确实是综合性的。相比之下，咖啡因（一种常见的极性污染物）和TNX没有积累在一个线性的速度，并有超过50%的积累减少的POCIS在波动的曝光，表明POCIS没有采样这些化学品在一个综合的方式。此外，在含有炸药制剂组合物B的流通微观世界中，尽管有相对高的周转率并因此降低了水浓度，但使用POCIS容易地测量TNT和RDX。根据POCIS估计的平均水浓度为通过传统抓样采集测量的平均水浓度的± 37%。因此，POCIS被认为在量化所评估的大多数弹药成分（TNT、ADNT和RDX）和阿特拉津的接触方面具有很高的实用性。环境毒理化学2015;34：959-967。© 2014 SETAC
The present study examined the potential use of polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) for exposure assessment of munitions constituents, including 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX), and their breakdown products (aminodinitrotoluenes [ADNTs], diaminonitrotoluenes [DANTs], and hexahydro‐1,3,5‐trinitroso‐1,3,5‐triazine [TNX]). Loss of munitions constituents from the sorbent phase after uptake was observed for the “pesticide” POCIS configuration but not for the “pharmaceutical” configuration. Therefore, the latter was selected for further investigation. Under constant exposure conditions, TNT, ADNTs, DANT, RDX, and atrazine (a common environmental contaminant) accumulated at a linear rate for at least 14 d, with sampling rates between 34 mL/d and 215 mL/d. When POCIS were exposed to fluctuating concentrations, analyte accumulation values were similar to values found during constant exposure, indicating that the sampler was indeed integrative. In contrast, caffeine (a common polar contaminant) and TNX did not accumulate at a linear rate and had a reduction in accumulation of greater than 50% on the POCIS during fluctuating exposures, demonstrating that POCIS did not sample those chemicals in an integrative manner. Moreover, in a flow‐through microcosm containing the explosive formulation Composition B, TNT and RDX were readily measured using POCIS, despite relatively high turnover rates and thus reduced water concentrations. Mean water concentrations estimated from POCIS were ± 37% of mean water concentrations measured by traditional grab sample collection. Thus, POCIS were found to have high utility for quantifying exposure to most munitions constituents evaluated (TNT, ADNTs, and RDX) and atrazine. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:959–967. © 2014 SETAC