Soil ingestion estimates for children residing on a superfund site
Soil ingestion estimates for children residing on a superfund site
复制标题
DOI：
10.1006/eesa.1996.1511
复制
发表时间：
1997-04-01
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Barnes, RM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Calabrese, EJ;Stanek, EJ;Barnes, RM
土壤摄入量的估计，从一个分层的，简单的随机样本，64名1 - 4岁的儿童居住在蒙大拿州的超级基金网站。该研究在9月份连续7天进行。该研究采用了质量平衡方法，其中采用了8种被认为难以被胃肠道吸收的天然土壤示踪剂（Al、Si、Ti、Ce、Nd、La、Y和Zr），以提供土壤摄入估计值。每天分析食物和粪便样本。在研究期间，获得了代表儿童玩耍地点的土壤/灰尘样本。在整个研究过程中，参与者保持了非常高的依从性。在一项成人示踪剂回收研究中使用了儿童研究中使用的相同方法，对10名受试者进行了为期28天的观察，以验证可以检测到超过20至500毫克/天的土壤摄入量。土壤摄入量估计每一个土壤示踪剂通过传统的方法，以及通过改进的方法，使用五种微量元素（Al、Si、Ti、Y和Zr），称为最佳示踪剂方法（BTM），其基本上校正由于示踪剂输入和输出的不对准引起的误差以及由于从非食物、非土壤来源摄取示踪剂引起的误差，同时对吸入的污物/灰尘的颗粒尺寸不敏感。根据生物监测方法，土壤摄入量的中位数低于1毫克/天，而95%以上的摄入量为160毫克/天。没有显着的年龄（1岁对2，对3）或性别相关的差异，土壤摄入量进行了观察。这些估计低于9月和10月在马萨诸塞州进行的另一项研究中观察到的估计。与以前进行的土壤摄入研究相比，本研究在方法上有重大改进，包括选择具有代表性的儿童样本，延长研究时间，纳入饮食建议以减少食物示踪剂输入和变异性，使用BTM，以及在受试者数量、持续时间和可能的土壤摄入率范围方面进行更强有力的成人验证研究。尽管有这些方法上的改进，但有证据表明，这项研究显示出净残差负误差，表明上述估计数低于真正的土壤摄入量。该残余负误差的幅度无法用BTM量化，但可能不会对中位数产生超过40 mg/天的影响，而该误差对分布上限的影响更不确定。(C)北京：科学出版社.
Soil ingestion estimates were obtained from a stratified, simple random sample of 64 children aged 1-4 years residing on a superfund site in Montana. The study was conducted during the month of September for 7 consecutive days. The study utilized a mass-balance methodology in which eight naturally occurring soil tracers (Al, Si, Ti, Ce, Nd, La, Y, and Zr) believed to be poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract were employed to provide soil ingestion estimates. Food and fecal samples were analyzed on a daily basis. Soil/dust samples representative of where the children played during the study period were obtained. Very high compliance among the participants was maintained throughout the study. The identical methodology employed in the childrens' study was used in an adult study of tracer recovery in 10 subjects over 28 days of observation to provide validation that soil ingestion over the range of 20 to 500 mg/day could be detected. Soil ingestion was estimated by each soil tracer via traditional methods as well as by an improved approach using five trace elements (Al, Si, Ti, Y, and Zr), called the Best Tracer Method (BTM), which substantially corrects for error due to misalignment of tracer input and output as well as error occurring from ingestion of tracers from nonfood, nonsoil sources, while being insensitive to the particle size of the soil/dust ingested. According to the BTM, the median soil ingestion was less than 1 mg/day while the upper 95% was 160 mg/day. No significant age (1 year vs 2, vs 3) or sex-related differences in soil ingestion were observed. These estimates are lower than estimates observed in another study in Massachusetts during September and October. Significant methodological improvements in this study as compared to previously conducted soil ingestion studies include the selection of a representative sample of children, longer study duration, inclusion of dietary recommendations to reduce food tracer input and variability, use of the BTM, and a stronger adult validation study with respect to number of subjects, and duration and range of possible soil ingestion rates. Despite these methodological improvements, evidence exists that this study displays a net residual negative error, suggesting that the above estimates are below the true soil ingestion. The magnitude of this residual negative error cannot be quantified with the BTM but is likely to not affect the median by more than 40 mg/day, while the impact of such an error on the upper end of the distribution is more uncertain. (C) 1997 Academic Press.