Ammonia emission model for whole farm evaluation of dairy production systems.
Ammonia emission model for whole farm evaluation of dairy production systems.
复制标题
用于乳品生产系统整个农场评估的氨排放模型。
DOI：
10.2134/jeq2013.04.0121
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Albert Heber
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Rotz;F. Montes;S. Hafner;A. Heber;R. H. Grant;Albert Heber
氨（NH）排放量受气候和管理的影响，在农场之间差异很大。由于排放测量困难且昂贵，基于过程的模型为估计整个农场的排放量提供了一种替代方案。开发了模拟NH形成，形态，水-气分配和传质过程的模型，并将其纳入整个农场模拟模型（综合农场系统模型）。农场来源包括饲养设施地板上的粪肥、储存的粪肥（如果使用）、田间施用的粪肥和牧场上的沉积物（如果使用放牧）。在一个全面的评估模型，模拟每日，季节性和年度排放量相比，以及超过2年的数据测量五个自由摊位谷仓和两个粪肥储存在美国东部的奶牛场。在与已发布数据的进一步比较中，在不同的谷仓设计、蛋白质饲喂水平和一年中的季节下，模拟和测量的谷仓排放量相似。从粪肥储存模拟排放量也高度相关的位置，季节和不同的存储覆盖与公布的排放数据。对于田间施用的粪肥，不同粪肥干物质含量和施用方法的模拟年排放量范围通常限制了报告的平均值。该模型也很好地代表了北方欧洲不同季节和施肥水平的牧场排放量。在此评估后，在宾夕法尼亚州的一个代表性的奶牛场的模拟说明了动物的住房和粪肥管理对整个农场的排放量和温室气体排放，硝酸盐浸出，生产成本和农场盈利能力的相互作用的影响。
Ammonia (NH) emissions vary considerably among farms as influenced by climate and management. Because emission measurement is difficult and expensive, process-based models provide an alternative for estimating whole farm emissions. A model that simulates the processes of NH formation, speciation, aqueous-gas partitioning, and mass transfer was developed and incorporated in a whole farm simulation model (the Integrated Farm System Model). Farm sources included manure on the floor of the housing facility, manure in storage (if used), field-applied manure, and deposits on pasture (if grazing is used). In a comprehensive evaluation of the model, simulated daily, seasonal, and annual emissions compared well with data measured over 2 yr for five free stall barns and two manure storages on dairy farms in the eastern United States. In a further comparison with published data, simulated and measured barn emissions were similar over differing barn designs, protein feeding levels, and seasons of the year. Simulated emissions from manure storage were also highly correlated with published emission data across locations, seasons, and different storage covers. For field applied manure, the range in simulated annual emissions normally bounded reported mean values for different manure dry matter contents and application methods. Emissions from pastures measured in northern Europe across seasons and fertilization levels were also represented well by the model. After this evaluation, simulations of a representative dairy farm in Pennsylvania illustrated the effects of animal housing and manure management on whole farm emissions and their interactions with greenhouse gas emissions, nitrate leaching, production costs, and farm profitability.