Beyond Natural Proofs: Hardness Magnification and Locality
Beyond Natural Proofs: Hardness Magnification and Locality
复制标题
超越自然证据:硬度放大率和局部性
DOI:
10.1145/3538391
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
2.5
通讯作者:
Chen L
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Chen L
Hardness magnification reduces major complexity separations (such asEXP⊈NC1) to proving lower bounds for some natural problemQagainst weak circuit models. Several recent works [, , , , , , ] have established results of this form. In the most intriguing cases, the required lower bound is known for problems that appear to be significantly easier thanQ, whileQitself is susceptible to lower bounds, but these are not yet sufficient for magnification.In this work, we provide more examples of this phenomenon and investigate the prospects of proving new lower bounds using this approach. In particular, we consider the following essential questions associated with the hardness magnification program:–Does hardness magnification avoid the natural proofs barrier of Razborov and Rudich?–Can we adapt known lower-bound techniques to establish the desired lower bound forQ?We establish that some instantiations of hardness magnification overcome the natural proofs barrier in the following sense: slightly superlinear-size circuit lower bounds for certain versions of the minimum circuit-size problem imply the non-existence of natural proofs. As the non-existence of natural proofs implies the non-existence of efficient learning algorithms, we show that certain magnification theorems not only imply strong worst-case circuit lower bounds but also rule out the existence of efficient learning algorithms.Hardness magnification might sidestep natural proofs, but we identify a source of difficulty when trying to adapt existing lower-bound techniques to prove strong lower bounds via magnification. This is captured by alocality barrier: existing magnification theoremsunconditionallyshow that the problemsQconsidered above admit highly efficient circuits extended with small fan-in oracle gates, while lower-bound techniques against weak circuit models quite often easily extend to circuits containing such oracles. This explains why direct adaptations of certain lower bounds are unlikely to yield strong complexity separations via hardness magnification.
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DOI:
10.1137/060664537
发表时间:
2008
期刊:
SIAM J. Comput.
影响因子:
--
作者:
Eric Allender;L. Hellerstein;Paul McCabe;T. Pitassi;M. Saks
通讯作者:
M. Saks
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2020
期刊:
Electron. Colloquium Comput. Complex.
影响因子:
--
作者:
Valentine Kabanets;Sajin Koroth;Zhenjian Lu;Dimitrios Myrisiotis;I. Oliveira
通讯作者:
I. Oliveira
DOI:
--
发表时间:
1989
期刊:
Symposium on the Theory of Computing
影响因子:
--
作者:
A. Yao
通讯作者:
A. Yao
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2003
期刊:
Journal of computer and system sciences (Print)
影响因子:
--
作者:
A. Srinivasan
通讯作者:
A. Srinivasan
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2013
期刊:
2012 IEEE 27th Conference on Computational Complexity
影响因子:
--
作者:
R. Lipton;Ryan Williams
通讯作者:
Ryan Williams