Do Women Suffer from Network Closure? The Moderating Effect of Social Capital on Gender Inequality in a Project-Based Labor Market, 1929 to 2010
Do Women Suffer from Network Closure? The Moderating Effect of Social Capital on Gender Inequality in a Project-Based Labor Market, 1929 to 2010
复制标题
女性会遭受网络关闭的困扰吗？
DOI：
10.1177/0003122414568788
复制
发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
9.1
通讯作者：
M. Lutter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Lutter
社会资本的重要性是社会科学中的既定事实。然而，不太清楚的是，不同形式的社会资本如何影响职业发展中的性别劣势。本研究聚焦于以项目为基础的劳动力市场，即美国电影业，认为女性在与有凝聚力的团队合作时会遭受“封闭惩罚”，并面临严重的职业劣势。与此同时，在开放的网络中建立社会资本的妇女，由于多样性和信息流动程度较高，其性别劣势也有所减少。本文利用1929年至2010年间369,099部电影中97,657名电影演员的约100万场演出的职业生涯纵向数据，分析了职业生存模式以及性别与社会资本和信息开放度的不同衡量标准之间的相互作用效应。研究结果表明，女性演员有更高的职业失败的风险比他们的男性同事时，隶属于有凝聚力的网络，但女性有更好的生存机会时，嵌入在开放，多样化的结构。这项研究有助于了解如何以及什么类型的社会资本可以是一个有益的资源，否则弱势群体或制约机制，加剧了性别差异的职业发展。
That social capital matters is an established fact in the social sciences. Less clear, however, is how different forms of social capital affect gender disadvantages in career advancement. Focusing on a project-based type of labor market, namely the U.S. film industry, this study argues that women suffer a “closure penalty” and face severe career disadvantages when collaborating in cohesive teams. At the same time, gender disadvantages are reduced for women who build social capital in open networks with higher degrees of diversity and information flow. Using large-scale longitudinal data on career profiles of about one million performances by 97,657 film actors in 369,099 film productions between the years 1929 and 2010, I analyze career survival models and interaction effects between gender and different measures of social capital and information openness. Findings reveal that female actors have a higher risk of career failure than do their male colleagues when affiliated in cohesive networks, but women have better survival chances when embedded in open, diverse structures. This study contributes to the understanding of how and what type of social capital can be either a beneficial resource for otherwise disadvantaged groups or a constraining mechanism that intensifies gender differences in career advancement.