Language tests as language policy tools
Language tests as language policy tools
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语言测试作为语言政策工具
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Shohamy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Shohamy
本文将语言测试与教育和国家语言政策联系起来，展示这些语言措施如何被用作影响事实上的语言政策的机制。鉴于当前民族国家在多语言和多元文化现实与政府政策之间的争议，这种现象具有特殊的相关性，这些政策使民族语言的同质政策永久化。引入某些语言的语言测试，传递了某种语言的威望、优先级和等级的信息和意识形态，而不是其他语言，导致压制多样性的政策。考试还影响语言性质方面的语言政策，这源于通过等级量表、准则和框架判断语言质量所用的标准，从而导致语言是标准化和同质化的观点。然而，当语言测试纳入关于语言学习和语言使用的研究结果时，它可以作为制定更有效和真实的语言政策的工具，在意识形态和实践之间进行调解和协商。本文中对这些问题的讨论得到了来自一系列国际背景的例子的支持。
This paper contextualizes language tests in relation to educational and national language policies by demonstrating how these language measures may be used as mechanisms for affecting de facto language policies. This phenomenon is of special relevance given current controversies in nation states between multilingual and multicultural realities and government policies that perpetuate homogenous policies with regard to national languages. The introduction of language tests in certain languages delivers messages and ideologies about the prestige, priorities and hierarchies of certain language(s), and not others, leading to policies of suppression of diversity. Tests also influence language policy with regard to the nature of language, as derived from the criteria used for judging language quality via rating scales, guidelines and frameworks, thus leading to a view of language as standardized and homogenous. Yet language tests, when they incorporate research findings about language learning and language use, can serve as tools for creating more valid and real language policies that mediate and negotiate between ideology and practice. The discussion of these issues is supported by examples from a range of international contexts in this paper.