On the nature of emotion.
On the nature of emotion.
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DOI：
10.2307/1166136
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发表时间：
1994-01-01
影响因子：
9.5
通讯作者：
Kagan, J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kagan, J
本文试图提出三点。首先，人类能够产生大量的情感状态（确切的数量尚不清楚），每一种情感状态都有不同的生理、认知和行为特征，每一种情感状态都需要一个不同的名称。其次，我们应该区分急性情绪、慢性情绪和对特定情绪状态的气质脆弱性。最后，对人类情感的研究将受益于对弗洛伊德无意识情感状态的回归和重新解释。这种调查将纠正目前依赖于问卷或访谈中对现象状态的口头报告作为情绪的唯一或主要指标的做法。继续使用这种策略将限制对少数异质状态的分析，这些异质状态碰巧有一个流行的英文名称，并且将延迟发现对人类功能有重要意义的大量情感状态。这些状态的发现需要使用新的证据来源来补充流行的证据，包括面部和姿势表情，肌肉张力，脑电图，迷走神经张力，心率变化，血压，GSR，面部温度以及去甲肾上腺素，阿片类药物和皮质醇的血液或唾液指数。当宇宙学家詹姆斯·皮布尔斯（James Peebles）被要求猜测一系列天文难题的确切数字答案时，比如宇宙的年龄或遥远的星星的年龄，他回答说：“如果有人在一块粘土板上给我答案和数字，我会失望的。我会把它扔掉，因为伟大的发现不是一个最终的数字，而是你用来学习这个数字的方法。"
This essay has tried to make three points. First, humans are capable of a large number of affect states (the exact number is not yet known), each marked by a distinct profile of physiology, cognition, and behavior, and each requiring a distinct name. Second, a distinction should be made among acute emotions, chronic moods, and temperamental vulnerabilities to a particular emotion state. Finally, research on human affects will profit from a return to, and a reinterpretation of, Freud's suggestion of unconscious affect states. Such inquiry would provide a corrective to the current reliance on the verbal reports of phenomenal states on questionnaires or in interviews as either the only, or the primary, index of an emotion. Continued use of this strategy will limit analyses to a small number of heterogeneous states that happen to have a popular English name and will retard discovery of the larger number of affect states that are of significance for human function. Discovery of these states will require use of new sources of evidence to supplement popular ones, including facial and postural expressions, muscle tension, EEG, vagal tone, heart-rate changes, blood pressure, GSR, facial temperature, and blood or saliva indexes of norepinephrine, opioids, and cortisol. When the cosmologist James Peebles was asked to guess the exact numerical answers to a series of astronomical puzzles, like the age of the universe or of a distant star, he replied, "If someone gave me on a tablet of clay the answer and the numbers, I would be disappointed. I would throw it away because the great discoveries are not going to be a final number, but the method you come to apply to learn that number."