Timing of reproduction in a prairie legume: seasonal impacts of insects consuming flowers and seeds
Timing of reproduction in a prairie legume: seasonal impacts of insects consuming flowers and seeds
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草原豆科植物的繁殖时间：昆虫消耗花朵和种子的季节性影响
DOI：
10.1007/bf00377159
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发表时间：
1989
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
R. P. Gendron
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
E. Evans;Christopher C. Smith;R. P. Gendron
研究了高草原野豆科植物繁殖组织受昆虫侵害的季节变化规律。不同季节的破坏模式与主要的食虫种类有关。三氏蛾（olethretitidae）和褐飞虱（Curculionidae）对正在发育的果实（荚果）的侵染率为80-100%，对早熟果实（荚果）的侵染率平均大于对晚熟果实（荚果）的侵染率。但是，虽然较晚开放的花朵较少受到飞蛾和象鼻虫的攻击，但它们更容易受到咀嚼昆虫的攻击，特别是水杯甲虫（Epicauta fabricii, Meloidae），它破坏了所有花朵和发育中的幼荚（包括飞蛾和象鼻虫幼虫）的80%。水疱甲虫在开花季节到达较晚，尤其以年轻的生殖组织为食，这使得从早期开放的花朵中发育出来的更大、更老的豆荚逃脱了破坏。水疱甲虫、飞蛾和象鼻虫的相对丰度和影响每年都在变化。昆虫（包括水疱甲虫和象鼻虫成虫）和后期霜冻对未成熟芽造成的大量不同数量的损害，增加了寄主植物繁殖成功的不确定性。因此，开花时间对b种子生产的成功至关重要。南极光。昆虫和天气的严重影响可能导致一个非常狭窄的时间窗口（每年都在变化），在此期间b。任何成功的澳大利亚花。昆虫和天气对植物繁殖成功施加的相反压力可能与植物生物学的其他特征协同作用，以促进维持开花时间在当地种群中个体之间的相当大的多样性。南极光。
Seasonal patterns of insect damage to reproductive tissue of the legumeBaptisia australiswere studied for three years in native tallgrass priairie. Contrasting seasonal patterns of damage were associated with the major species of insect consumers. The mothGrapholitha tristegana(Olethreutidae) and the weevilTychius sordidus(Curculionidae), which together infested 80–100% of developing fruits (pods), consistently damaged more seeds on average in early than in late maturing pods. But while late opening flowers were less subject to attack from moths and weevils, they were more subject to attack from chewing insects, particularly blister beetles (Epicauta fabricii, Meloidae), which destroyed >80% of all flowers and developing young pods (including moth and weevil larval inhabitants). The blister beetles arrived late in the flowering season and fed particularly on young reproductive tissue, allowing larger, older pods that had developed from early opening flowers to escape destruction. The relative abundances and impacts of blister beetles, moths, and weevils varied from year to year. Adding to the uncertainty of reproductive success of the host plant were the large and variable amounts of damage to immature buds inflicted by insects (including the blister beetles and weevil adults) and late killing frosts. Thus, timing of flowering is critical to success in seed production forB. australis. The heavy impacts of insects and weather can result in a very narrow window in time (which shifts from year to year) during whichB. australiscan flower with any success. The opposing pressures exerted by insects and weather on floral reproductive success may act in concert with other features of the plant's biology to foster the maintenance of considerable diversity in flowering times among individuals in local populations ofB. australis.