Eruption of the Envelope of Massive Stars by Energy Injection with Finite Duration
Eruption of the Envelope of Massive Stars by Energy Injection with Finite Duration
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DOI：
10.3847/1538-4357/ac67e1
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发表时间：
2021-12
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Takatoshi Ko;D. Tsuna;Y. Takei;T. Shigeyama
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文献类型：
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作者：
Takatoshi Ko;D. Tsuna;Y. Takei;T. Shigeyama
相当一部分超新星显示出致密的星周物质(CSM)的特征。虽然存在产生致密CSM的多种情况，但由于外包层底部注入能量而导致的大规模喷发是一种可能性。我们首次对初始质量为15M⊙的典型红色超巨星前驱物质喷发的质量损失进行了辐射流体力学模拟，重点研究了注入的时间尺度和能量。我们发现，非结合层状流的喷发不仅需要足够的注入能量，而且需要足够的单位时间注入能量的速率，在这个特殊的模型中，L min∼8×1040erg S−1。这一结果表明，能量注入速率需要大于包层结合能除以喷发的动态时间尺度。所得到的CSM的密度分布，其形状在瞬时能量注入极限下被解析和数值预测，在有限注入时间尺度下类似地成立。我们在提出的大规模爆发情景的框架内讨论了我们的发现，特别是由波浪驱动的爆发和共同包络抛射。
A significant fraction of supernovae show signatures of dense circumstellar material (CSM). While multiple scenarios for creating a dense CSM exist, mass eruption due to injection of energy at the base of the outer envelope is a likely possibility. We carry out radiation hydrodynamical simulations of eruptive mass loss from a typical red supergiant progenitor with an initial mass of 15 M ⊙, for the first time focusing on the timescale of the injection as well as energy. We find that not only sufficient injection energy but also sufficient rate of energy injection per unit time, L min ∼ 8 × 1040 erg s−1 in this particular model, is required for eruption of unbound CSM. This result suggests that the energy injection rate needs to be greater than the binding energy of the envelope divided by the dynamical timescale for the eruption. The density profile of the resulting CSM, whose shape was analytically and numerically predicted in the limit of instantaneous energy injection, similarly holds for a finite injection timescale. We discuss our findings in the framework of proposed mass outburst scenarios, specifically wave-driven outbursts and common-envelope ejection.