The Woodrat Gut Microbiota as an Experimental System for Understanding Microbial Metabolism of Dietary Toxins.
The Woodrat Gut Microbiota as an Experimental System for Understanding Microbial Metabolism of Dietary Toxins.
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林鼠肠道微生物群作为理解膳食毒素微生物代谢的实验系统
DOI：
10.3389/fmicb.2016.01165
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Dearing MD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kohl KD;Dearing MD
哺乳动物，特别是食草动物的消化道中的微生物群落，被认为是地球上微生物的重要储存库之一。这些肠道微生物在影响宿主的生理、生态和进化方面的重要性才刚刚开始被认识到。为了了解食草动物的微生物组，重点是营养生态学，同时评估宿主进化和环境在塑造微生物多样性中的作用，我们开发了一个实验系统，该系统由几种食草林鼠（Neotoma属）的微生物群落组成，它们自然以各种饮食毒素为食。我们设计了这个系统来研究长期存在但被实验忽视的假设，即食草动物摄入有毒饮食是由肠道微生物群促进的。与其他几种啮齿类动物一样，林鼠的胃有囊状的非胃前肠部分。我们已经记录了一个密集的和多样化的微生物群落在woodrat前肠，有几个属可能能够降解饮食毒素和/或发挥作用，刺激肝解毒酶的主机。这些肠道微生物的生物多样性似乎是宿主进化、生态经验和饮食的函数，例如饮食毒素增加了具有这些毒素经验的宿主中的微生物多样性，而新毒素抑制了微生物多样性。这些微生物群落对摄入有毒饮食至关重要，因为用抗生素减少微生物群落会损害宿主以饮食毒素为食的能力。此外，肠道微生物的解毒能力可以从Neotoma种内和种间转移到缺乏这些毒素的生态和进化历史的幼稚动物。除了提高我们对复杂的宿主-微生物相互作用的认识外，该系统还有望识别可用于治疗人类和家畜疾病的微生物。
The microbial communities inhabiting the alimentary tracts of mammals, particularly those of herbivores, are estimated to be one of the densest microbial reservoirs on Earth. The significance of these gut microbes in influencing the physiology, ecology and evolution of their hosts is only beginning to be realized. To understand the microbiome of herbivores with a focus on nutritional ecology, while evaluating the roles of host evolution and environment in sculpting microbial diversity, we have developed an experimental system consisting of the microbial communities of several species of herbivorous woodrats (genus Neotoma) that naturally feed on a variety of dietary toxins. We designed this system to investigate the long-standing, but experimentally neglected hypothesis that ingestion of toxic diets by herbivores is facilitated by the gut microbiota. Like several other rodent species, the woodrat stomach has a sacculated, non-gastric foregut portion. We have documented a dense and diverse community of microbes in the woodrat foregut, with several genera potentially capable of degrading dietary toxins and/or playing a role in stimulating hepatic detoxification enzymes of the host. The biodiversity of these gut microbes appears to be a function of host evolution, ecological experience and diet, such that dietary toxins increase microbial diversity in hosts with experience with these toxins while novel toxins depress microbial diversity. These microbial communities are critical to the ingestion of a toxic diet as reducing the microbial community with antibiotics impairs the host’s ability to feed on dietary toxins. Furthermore, the detoxification capacity of gut microbes can be transferred from Neotoma both intra and interspecifically to naïve animals that lack ecological and evolutionary history with these toxins. In addition to advancing our knowledge of complex host-microbes interactions, this system holds promise for identifying microbes that could be useful in the treatment of diseases in humans and domestic animals.